Search results
Results from the WOW.Com Content Network
In mathematics and computer programming, exponentiating by squaring is a general method for fast computation of large positive integer powers of a number, or more generally of an element of a semigroup, like a polynomial or a square matrix. Some variants are commonly referred to as square-and-multiply algorithms or binary exponentiation.
Powers of a number with absolute value less than one tend to zero: b n → 0 as n → ∞ when | b | < 1. Any power of one is always one: b n = 1 for all n for b = 1. Powers of a negative number alternate between positive and negative as n alternates between even and odd, and thus do not tend to any limit as n grows.
By comparison, powers of two with negative exponents are fractions: for positive integer n, 2-n is one half multiplied by itself n times. Thus the first few negative powers of 2 are 1 / 2 , 1 / 4 , 1 / 8 , 1 / 16 , etc. Sometimes these are called inverse powers of two because each is the multiplicative inverse of a ...
In elementary algebra, the binomial theorem (or binomial expansion) describes the algebraic expansion of powers of a binomial.According to the theorem, the power (+) expands into a polynomial with terms of the form , where the exponents and are nonnegative integers satisfying + = and the coefficient of each term is a specific positive integer ...
An arithmetic shift is usually equivalent to multiplying the number by a positive or a negative integral power of the radix, except for the effect of any rounding; compare the logical shift with the arithmetic shift, especially in the case of floating-point representation. An important word in the FS 1073C definition is "usually".
Modular exponentiation can be performed with a negative exponent e by finding the modular multiplicative inverse d of b modulo m using the extended Euclidean algorithm. That is: c = b e mod m = d −e mod m, where e < 0 and b ⋅ d ≡ 1 (mod m). Modular exponentiation is efficient to compute, even for very large integers.
The Cheprasov [1] method of multiplication can be applied for any n digit number multiplied by any other n digit number. The main uniqueness of this algorithm lies in its ability to: 1. Utilize negative numbers, even when multiplying only positive numbers, to reach the correct positive result. 2.
In mathematics, a polynomial is a mathematical expression consisting of indeterminates (also called variables) and coefficients, that involves only the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and exponentiation to nonnegative integer powers, and has a finite number of terms.