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Clock synchronization is a topic in computer science and engineering that aims to coordinate otherwise independent clocks. Even when initially set accurately, real clocks will differ after some amount of time due to clock drift, caused by clocks counting time at slightly different rates. There are several problems that occur as a result of ...
BIOS interrupt calls perform hardware control or I/O functions requested by a program, return system information to the program, or do both. A key element of the purpose of BIOS calls is abstraction - the BIOS calls perform generally defined functions, and the specific details of how those functions are executed on the particular hardware of the system are encapsulated in the BIOS and hidden ...
Watchdog timers are also used to monitor and limit software execution time on a normally functioning computer. For example, a watchdog timer may be used when running untrusted code in a sandbox , to limit the CPU time available to the code and thus prevent some types of denial-of-service attacks . [ 2 ]
A real-time clock (RTC) is an electronic device (most often in the form of an integrated circuit) that measures the passage of time. Although the term often refers to the devices in personal computers , servers and embedded systems , RTCs are present in almost any electronic device which needs to keep accurate time of day .
The documentation of Red Hat MRG version 2 states that TSC is the preferred clock source due to its much lower overhead, but it uses HPET as a fallback. A benchmark in that environment for 10 million event counts found that TSC took about 0.6 seconds, HPET took slightly over 12 seconds, and ACPI Power Management Timer took around 24 seconds. [6]
All clocks are subject to drift, causing eventual divergence unless resynchronized. In particular, the drift of crystal-based clocks used in computers requires some synchronization mechanism for any high-speed communication. Computer clock drift can be utilized to build random number generators. These can however be exploited by timing attacks.
Windows 10 October 2018 Update (Version 1809) Includes WDDM 2.5. [52] Updates to Display driver development in Windows 10, version 1809 include the following features: [53] Shader Model 6.3, adding support for DirectX12 Raytracing (DXR). [54] Raytracing, in order to support hardware-accelerated raytracing in Direct3D 12.
All Microsoft Windows versions since Windows 2000 include the Windows Time service (W32Time), [43] which has the ability to synchronize the computer clock to an NTP server. W32Time was originally implemented for the purpose of the Kerberos version 5 authentication protocol, which required time to be within 5 minutes of the correct value to ...