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The Peoples of Middle-earth (1996) is the 12th and final volume of The History of Middle-earth, edited by Christopher Tolkien from the unpublished manuscripts of his father J. R. R. Tolkien. Some characters (including Anairë, the wife of Fingolfin) only appear here, as do a few other works that did not fit anywhere else. [1]
The Empire of Nicaea (Greek: Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων) or the Nicene Empire [4] was the largest of the three Byzantine Greek [5] [6] rump states founded by the aristocracy of the Byzantine Empire that fled when Constantinople was occupied by Western European and Venetian armed forces during the Fourth Crusade, a military event known as the Sack of Constantinople.
T 2] Shippey described the hobbits' culture, complete with tobacco and potatoes, [7] as a "creative anachronism" on Tolkien's part. [8] In his view, anachronism is the "essential function" of hobbits, enabling Tolkien to "bridge the gap" by mediating between readers' lives in the modern world and the dangerous ancient world of Middle-earth. [7]
Shaun Gunner of The Tolkien Society called the book "an unofficial 13th volume of The History of Middle-earth series". [6]Douglas C. Kane, in the Journal of Tolkien Research, wrote, with reference to Tolkien's phrases in On Fairy-Stories [7] on how to make a "Secondary World", that the book certainly "helps to demonstrate just how much 'labour and thought', 'special skill', and 'a kind of ...
Philosophy seated between the seven liberal arts; picture from the Hortus deliciarum of Herrad von Landsberg (12th century).. Medieval philosophy is the philosophy that existed through the Middle Ages, the period roughly extending from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century until after the Renaissance in the 13th and 14th centuries. [1]
Jaynes proposes that consciousness is a learned behavior rooted in language and culture rather than being innate. He distinguishes consciousness from sensory awareness and cognition . Jaynes introduces the concept of the " bicameral mind ", a non-conscious mentality prevalent in early humans that relied on auditory hallucinations .
Scholars have likened the Valar to Christian angels, intermediaries between the creator and the created world. [1] [2] Painting by Lorenzo Lippi, c. 1645J. R. R. Tolkien was an English author and philologist of ancient Germanic languages, specialising in Old English; he spent much of his career as a professor at the University of Oxford. [3]
Barfield has been known as "the first and last Inkling."He had a profound influence on C. S. Lewis and, through his books The Silver Trumpet and Poetic Diction (dedicated to Lewis), an appreciable effect on J. R. R. Tolkien, who made use of the ideas in his writings with the theme of decline and fall in Middle-earth. [2]