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Alif إ أ is generally the carrier if the only adjacent vowel is fatḥah. It is the only possible carrier if hamza is the first phoneme of a word. Where alif acts as a carrier for hamza, hamza is added above the alif, or, for initial alif-kasrah, below it and indicates that the letter so modified is indeed a glottal stop, not a long vowel.
[1] [2] As Wright notes "[alif] was at first more rarely marked than the other long vowels, and hence it happens that, at a later period, after the invention of the vowel-points, it was indicated in some very common words merely by a fatḥa [i.e. the dagger alif.]" [3] Most keyboards do not have dagger alif.
The letter alif originated in the Phoenician alphabet as a consonant-sign indicating a glottal stop. Today it has lost its function as a consonant, and, together with ya’ and wāw , is a mater lectionis , a consonant sign standing in for a long vowel (see below), or as support for certain diacritics ( maddah and hamzah ).
Java applet that convert glyphs to unicode (and unicode to glyphs). It accounts for ligatures, lam-alif, diacritics, etc. Scheherazade or Scheherazade New, an extended Arabic script font designed by SIL International, distributed under the SIL Open Font License (OFL)
Alif is the first letter of the Urdu alphabet, and it is used exclusively as a vowel. At the beginning of a word, alif can be used to represent any of the short vowels: اب ab, اسم ism, اردو Urdū. For long ā at the beginning of words alif-mad is used: آپ āp, but a plain alif in the middle and at the end: بھاگنا bhāgnā.
alif hamza↑ alif madda alif hamza↓ yā’ hamza↑ kashmiri yā’ hamza rohingya yā’ ى ٱ ی ە ً ٌ ٍ alif maksura alif wasla farsi yā’ ae fathatan dammatan kasratan َ ُ ِ ّ ْ ٓ ۤ fatha damma kasra shadda sukun maddah madda ں ٹ ٺ ٻ پ ٿ ڃ nūn ghunna ttā’ ttāhā’ bāā’ pā’ tāhā’ nyā’ ڄ چ ڇ ڈ ڌ ...
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The literal meaning of تَشْكِيل tashkīl is 'variation'. As the normal Arabic text does not provide enough information about the correct pronunciation, the main purpose of tashkīl (and ḥarakāt) is to provide a phonetic guide or a phonetic aid; i.e. show the correct pronunciation for children who are learning to read or foreign learners.