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A calculation is a deliberate mathematical process that transforms one or more inputs into one or more outputs or results.The term is used in a variety of senses, from the very definite arithmetical calculation of using an algorithm, to the vague heuristics of calculating a strategy in a competition, or calculating the chance of a successful relationship between two people.
Ordinary least squares regression of Okun's law.Since the regression line does not miss any of the points by very much, the R 2 of the regression is relatively high.. In statistics, the coefficient of determination, denoted R 2 or r 2 and pronounced "R squared", is the proportion of the variation in the dependent variable that is predictable from the independent variable(s).
The products of small numbers may be calculated by using the squares of integers; for example, to calculate 13 × 17, one can remark 15 is the mean of the two factors, and think of it as (15 − 2) × (15 + 2), i.e. 15 2 − 2 2. Knowing that 15 2 is 225 and 2 2 is 4, simple subtraction shows that 225 − 4 = 221, which is the desired product.
Definition [ edit ] The greatest common divisor (GCD) of integers a and b , at least one of which is nonzero, is the greatest positive integer d such that d is a divisor of both a and b ; that is, there are integers e and f such that a = de and b = df , and d is the largest such integer.
To calculate the azimuth of the Sun or a star given its declination and hour angle at a specific location, modify the formula for a spherical Earth. Replace φ 2 with declination and longitude difference with hour angle, and change the sign (since the hour angle is positive westward instead of east).
In some circumstances, mathematicians may calculate a mean of an infinite (or even an uncountable) set of values. This can happen when calculating the mean value of a function (). Intuitively, a mean of a function can be thought of as calculating the area under a section of a curve, and then dividing by the length of that section.
In statistics, the mode is the value that appears most often in a set of data values. [1] If X is a discrete random variable, the mode is the value x at which the probability mass function takes its maximum value (i.e., x=argmax x i P(X = x i)).
Definition. For two jointly distributed real-valued random variables and with finite second moments, the covariance is defined as the expected value (or mean) of the ...