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In this example, the surfactant molecules' oil-soluble tails project into the oil (blue), while the water-soluble ends remain in contact with the water phase (red). Surfactants are chemical compounds that decrease the surface tension or interfacial tension between two liquids, a liquid and a gas, or a liquid and a solid.
Like synthetic surfactants, they are composed of a hydrophilic moiety made up of amino acids, peptides, (poly)saccharides, or sugar alcohols and a hydrophobic moiety consisting of fatty acids. Correspondingly, the significant classes of biosurfactants include glycolipids , lipopeptides and lipoproteins, and polymeric surfactants as well as ...
The surface increases during inspiration, which consequently opens space for new surfactant molecules to be recruited to the interface. Meanwhile, during expiration the surface area decreases at a rate which is always in excess of the rate at which the surfactant molecules are driven from the interface into the water film.
Detergents. A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with cleansing properties when in dilute solutions. [1] There are a large variety of detergents, a common family being the alkylbenzene sulfonates, which are soap-like compounds that are more soluble in hard water, because the polar sulfonate (of detergents) is less likely than the polar carboxylate (of soap) to bind to ...
Amine oxides are surfactants commonly used in consumer products such as shampoos, conditioners, detergents, and hard surface cleaners. [2] Alkyl dimethyl amine oxide (chain lengths C10–C16) is the most commercially used amine oxide. [3]
Mixtures of surfactants are often used, including mixtures of anionic with nonionic surfactants. Mixtures of cationic and anionic surfactants form insoluble salts and are not useful. Examples of surfactants commonly used in emulsion polymerization include fatty acids, sodium lauryl sulfate, and alpha-olefin sulfonate.
Hydrocarbon-based surfactants are an example group of amphiphilic compounds. Their polar region can be either ionic , or non-ionic. Some typical members of this group are: sodium dodecyl sulfate ( anionic ), benzalkonium chloride ( cationic ), cocamidopropyl betaine ( zwitterionic ), and 1-octanol (long-chain alcohol, non-ionic).
Dispersant Corexit 9527 was for example used to disperse an oil slick in the Gulf of Mexico in 1979 [6] over one thousand square miles of sea. The same dispersant was also used in an attempt to clean up the Exxon Valdez oil spill [ 4 ] in 1989, though its use was discontinued as there was not enough wave action to mix the dispersant with the ...