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E. faecalis is found in most healthy individuals, but can cause endocarditis and sepsis, urinary tract infections (UTIs), meningitis, and other infections in humans. [9] [10] Several virulence factors are thought to contribute to E. faecalis infections.
Bacteremia is the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream that are alive and capable of reproducing. It is a type of bloodstream infection. [36] Bacteremia is defined as either a primary or secondary process. In primary bacteremia, bacteria have been directly introduced into the bloodstream. [37] Injection drug use may lead to primary bacteremia.
Important clinical infections caused by Enterococcus include urinary tract infections (see Enterococcus faecalis), bacteremia, bacterial endocarditis, diverticulitis, meningitis, and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. [4] [8] [9] Sensitive strains of these bacteria can be treated with ampicillin, penicillin and vancomycin. [10]
All those diagnoses have been converted to sepsis, again with modifiers, in ICD-10, such as "Sepsis due to streptococcus". [118] The current terms are dependent on the microorganism that is present: bacteremia if bacteria are present in the blood at abnormal levels and are the causative issue, viremia for viruses, and fungemia for a fungus. [119]
The combination of daptomycin and ampicillin is another option to treat VRE infections, especially for bacteremia. [19] For invasive vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis infections, both ampicillin-ceftriaxone and ampicillin-gentamicin combinations have been used successfully, with the latter specifically showing success in treating endocarditis. [20]
Streptococcus bovis is a group of strains of Gram-positive bacteria, originally described as a species, [5] [6] that in humans is associated with urinary tract infections, endocarditis, sepsis, [7] and colorectal cancer. [8] S. bovis is commonly found in the alimentary tract of cattle, sheep, and other ruminants, [9] and may cause ruminal acidosis.
In patients, pathogenic strains were found in the sputum, blood, wounds, and stool. Enterobacter is associated with common nosocomial infections including respiratory, endocarditis, bacteremia, urinary tract infections, osteomyelitis, among others. [8] Enterobacter bacteremia presents as fever but can progress to SIRS and shock. [8]
Enterococcus faecium has been a leading cause of multi-drug resistant enterococcal infections over Enterococcus faecalis in the United States. Approximately 40% of medical intensive care units reportedly found that the majority, respectively 80% and 90.4%, of device-associated infections (namely, infections due to central lines, urinary drainage catheters, and ventilators) were due to ...