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  2. Kalam cosmological argument - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam_cosmological_argument

    In a 2020 interview, Craig proposed that the Kalam cosmological argument could be adapted to the B-theory of time by: [90] Abandoning the metaphysical argument against forming an actual infinity by successive addition. Modifying the causal premise (replacing its appeal to the concept of 'coming into being' with the concept of 'beginning to exist').

  3. The Kalām Cosmological Argument - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kalām_Cosmological...

    The Kalām Cosmological Argument is a 1979 book by the philosopher William Lane Craig, in which the author offers a contemporary defense of the Kalām cosmological argument and argues for the existence of God, with an emphasis on the alleged metaphysical impossibility of an infinite regress of past events. First, Craig argues that the universe ...

  4. Islamic philosophy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_philosophy

    The great Asharite scholar Fakhr ad-Din ar-Razi wrote the work Al-Mutakallimin fi 'Ilm al-Kalam against the Mutazalites. In later times, Kalam was used to mean simply "theology", i.e. the duties of the heart as opposed to (or in conjunction with) fiqh (jurisprudence), the duties of the body. [9]

  5. Kalam - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam

    Ilm al-kalam [a] or ilm al-lahut, [b] often shortened to kalam, is the scholastic, speculative, or rational study of Islamic theology . [2] It can also be defined as the science that studies the fundamental doctrines of Islamic faith ( usul al-din ), proving their validity, or refuting doubts regarding them. [ 3 ]

  6. Cosmological argument - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological_argument

    A cosmological argument can also sometimes be referred to as an argument from universal causation, an argument from first cause, the causal argument or the prime mover argument. The concept of causation is a principal underpinning idea in all cosmological arguments, particularly in affirming the necessity for a First Cause .

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  8. William Lane Craig - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lane_Craig

    The Kalam argument concludes that the universe had a cause, but Craig further argues that the cause must be a person. [55] First, Craig argues that the best way to explain the origin of a temporal effect with a beginning from an eternally existing cause is if that cause is a personal agent endowed with free will.

  9. AP English Language and Composition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_English_Language_and...

    Each essay is assigned a score from 0–6, 6 being high. The student's thesis may earn one point, their argument and evidence may earn up to four points, and an extra point may be earned for holistic complexity and sophistication of the argument or of the essay as a whole. The FRQ scoring was changed in 2019 from a 9 point holistic scale.