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Conventional water-softening appliances intended for household use depend on an ion-exchange resin in which "hardness ions"—mainly Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ —are exchanged for sodium ions. [6] As described by NSF/ANSI Standard 44 , [ 7 ] ion-exchange devices reduce the hardness by replacing magnesium and calcium (Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ ) with sodium or ...
Ion-exchange resin beads. An ion-exchange resin or ion-exchange polymer is a resin or polymer that acts as a medium for ion exchange, that is also known as an ionex. [1] It is an insoluble matrix (or support structure) normally in the form of small (0.25–1.43 mm radius) microbeads, usually white or yellowish, fabricated from an organic polymer substrate.
In the case of a water softener, the cation exchange resin is exchanging sodium (the Na + ion of NaCl) for hardness minerals such as calcium and magnesium. A dealkalizer contains strong base anion exchange resin that exchanges chloride (the Cl – ion of the NaCl) for carbonate (CO − 3), bicarbonate (H C O − 3) and sulfate (SO 2− 4). As ...
Ion exchange is widely used in the food and beverage industry, hydrometallurgy, metals finishing, chemical, petrochemical, pharmaceutical technology, sugar and sweetener production, ground- and potable-water treatment, nuclear, softening, industrial water treatment, semiconductor, power, and many other industries. [citation needed]
Fresh water can have widely ranging pH values depending on the geology of the drainage basin or aquifer and the influence of contaminant inputs . If the water is acidic (lower than 7), lime, soda ash, or sodium hydroxide can be added to raise the pH during water purification processes. Lime addition increases the calcium ion concentration, thus ...
Zeolites are widely used as ion-exchange beds in domestic and commercial water purification, softening, and other applications. Evidence for the oldest known zeolite water purification filtration system occurs in the undisturbed sediments of the Corriental reservoir at the Maya city of Tikal , in northern Guatemala.
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