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  2. Fluctuation–dissipation theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluctuation–dissipation...

    In the mid-1990s, in the study of dynamics of spin glass models, a generalization of the fluctuation–dissipation theorem was discovered that holds for asymptotic non-stationary states, where the temperature appearing in the equilibrium relation is substituted by an effective temperature with a non-trivial dependence on the time scales. [9]

  3. Fluctuation theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluctuation_theorem

    Roughly, the fluctuation theorem relates to the probability distribution of the time-averaged irreversible entropy production, denoted ¯.The theorem states that, in systems away from equilibrium over a finite time t, the ratio between the probability that ¯ takes on a value A and the probability that it takes the opposite value, −A, will be exponential in At.

  4. Table of thermodynamic equations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_thermodynamic...

    Quantity (common name/s) (Common) symbol/s Defining equation SI unit Dimension Temperature gradient: No standard symbol K⋅m −1: ΘL −1: Thermal conduction rate, thermal current, thermal/heat flux, thermal power transfer

  5. Heat equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_equation

    The temperature approaches a linear function because that is the stable solution of the equation: wherever temperature has a nonzero second spatial derivative, the time derivative is nonzero as well. The heat equation implies that peaks ( local maxima ) of u {\displaystyle u} will be gradually eroded down, while depressions ( local minima ...

  6. Thermistor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermistor

    If the temperature of the environment is known beforehand, then a thermistor may be used to measure the value of the dissipation constant. For example, the thermistor may be used as a flow-rate sensor, since the dissipation constant increases with the rate of flow of a fluid past the thermistor.

  7. Dissipation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissipation

    In thermodynamics, dissipation is the result of an irreversible process that affects a thermodynamic system. In a dissipative process, energy ( internal , bulk flow kinetic , or system potential ) transforms from an initial form to a final form, where the capacity of the final form to do thermodynamic work is less than that of the initial form.

  8. NYT ‘Connections’ Hints and Answers Today, Friday, December 13

    www.aol.com/nyt-connections-hints-answers-today...

    Today's NYT Connections puzzle for Friday, December 13, 2024The New York Times

  9. Equilibrium thermodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibrium_thermodynamics

    An equilibrium state is mathematically ascertained by seeking the extrema of a thermodynamic potential function, whose nature depends on the constraints imposed on the system. For example, a chemical reaction at constant temperature and pressure will reach equilibrium at a minimum of its components' Gibbs free energy and a maximum of their entropy.

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