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  2. Sumer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer

    Sumerian speakers were among the earliest people to record their beliefs in writing, and were a major inspiration in later Mesopotamian mythology, religion, and astrology. The Sumerians worshiped: An as the full-time god equivalent to heaven; indeed, the word an in Sumerian means sky and his consort Ki, means earth.

  3. Sumerian language - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian_language

    Sumerian (Sumerian: 𒅴𒂠, romanized: eme-gir 15 [a], lit. ''native language'' [1]) was the language of ancient Sumer. It is one of the oldest attested languages, dating back to at least 2900 BC. It is a local language isolate that was spoken in ancient Mesopotamia, in the area that is modern-day Iraq.

  4. ʿApiru - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ʿapiru

    Cuneiform of Sumerian SA.GAZ and corresponding West Semitic ha-bi-ru. ʿApiru (Ugaritic: 𐎓𐎔𐎗𐎎, romanized: ʿPRM, Ancient Egyptian: 𓂝𓊪𓂋𓅱𓀀𓏥, romanized: ꜥprw), also known in the Akkadian version Ḫabiru (sometimes written Habiru, Ḫapiru or Hapiru; Akkadian: 𒄩𒁉𒊒, ḫa-bi-ru or *ʿaperu) is a term used in 2nd-millennium BCE texts throughout the Fertile ...

  5. History of Sumer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sumer

    The pre-and protohistory of southern Mesopotamia is divided into the Ubaid (c. 6500–3800 BC), Uruk (c. 4000 to 3100 BC) and Jemdet Nasr (c. 3100 to 2900 BC) periods. There is scholarly disagreement as to when the Sumerian presence began in the region, although it is generally assumed that the Sumerian language was used in southern Mesopotamia by the late Uruk period.

  6. Apkallu - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apkallu

    Apkallu or and Abgal (𒉣𒈨; Akkadian and Sumerian, respectively [1]) are terms found in cuneiform inscriptions that in general mean either "wise" or "sage".. In several contexts the Apkallu are seven demigods, sometimes described as part man and part fish or bird, associated with human wisdom; these creatures are often referred to in scholarly literature as the Seven Sages.

  7. Lugal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugal

    Evolution of anthropomorphic cuneiforms, Lugal appears in the right columns. There are different theories regarding the meaning of the title lugal in 3rd-millennium Sumer. . Some scholars believe that a ruler of an individual city-state was usually called ensi, and a ruler who headed a confederacy or larger dominion composed of several cities, perhaps even the whole of Sumer, was a lu

  8. Lamassu - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamassu

    Lamassu at the Iraq Museum, Baghdad.. The goddess Lama appears initially as a mediating goddess who precedes the orans and presents them to the deities. [3] The protective deity is clearly labelled as Lam(m)a in a Kassite stele unearthed at Uruk, in the temple of Ishtar, goddess to which she had been dedicated by king Nazi-Maruttash (1307–1282 BC). [9]

  9. Dumuzid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumuzid

    Dumuzid or Dumuzi or Tammuz (Sumerian: 𒌉𒍣, romanized: Dumuzid; Akkadian: Duʾūzu, Dûzu; Hebrew: תַּמּוּז, romanized: Tammūz), [a] [b] known to the Sumerians as Dumuzid the Shepherd (Sumerian: 𒌉𒍣𒉺𒇻, romanized: Dumuzid sipad) [3] and to the Canaanites as Adon (Phoenician: 𐤀𐤃𐤍; Proto-Hebrew: 𐤀𐤃𐤍), is an ancient Mesopotamian and Levantine deity ...