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  2. Animal cognition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_cognition

    Animals process information from eyes, ears, and other sensory organs to perceive the environment. Perceptual processes have been studied in many species, with results that are often similar to those in humans.

  3. Visual cliff - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_cliff

    During early development, infants begin to crawl, sit, and walk. These actions impact how the infants view depth perception. Thus, infant studies are an important part of the visual cliff. When an infant starts to engage in crawling, to sit, or walking, they use perception and action. During this time, infants begin to develop a fear of height.

  4. Critical anthropomorphism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_anthropomorphism

    Critical anthropomorphism is an approach in the study of animal behavior that integrates scientific knowledge about a species, including its perceptual world, ecological context, and evolutionary history, to generate hypotheses through the lens of human intuition and understanding. [1]

  5. Multisensory integration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multisensory_integration

    Multimodal perception is how animals form coherent, valid, and robust perception by processing sensory stimuli from various modalities. Surrounded by multiple objects and receiving multiple sensory stimulations, the brain is faced with the decision of how to categorize the stimuli resulting from different objects or events in the physical world.

  6. Cognitive geography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_geography

    Cognitive geography is an interdisciplinary study of cognitive science and geography.It aims to understand how humans view space, place, and environment. It involves formalizing factors that influence our spatial cognition to create a more effective representation of space.

  7. Perception - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception

    A perceptual set (also called perceptual expectancy or simply set) is a predisposition to perceive things in a certain way. [105] It is an example of how perception can be shaped by "top-down" processes such as drives and expectations. [106] Perceptual sets occur in all the different senses. [62]

  8. Spatial cognition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_cognition

    In cognitive psychology, spatial cognition is the acquisition, organization, utilization, and revision of knowledge about spatial environments. It is most about how animals, including humans, behave within space and the knowledge they built around it, rather than space itself.

  9. Tinbergen's four questions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinbergen's_four_questions

    This schema constitutes a basic framework of the overlapping behavioural fields of ethology, behavioural ecology, comparative psychology, sociobiology, evolutionary psychology, and anthropology. Julian Huxley identified the first three questions. Niko Tinbergen gave only the fourth question, as Huxley's questions failed to distinguish between ...