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  2. Confounding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confounding

    Case-control studies assign confounders to both groups, cases and controls, equally. For example, if somebody wanted to study the cause of myocardial infarct and thinks that the age is a probable confounding variable, each 67-year-old infarct patient will be matched with a healthy 67-year-old "control" person.

  3. Controlling for a variable - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlling_for_a_variable

    For example, if an outdoor experiment were to be conducted to compare how different wing designs of a paper airplane (the independent variable) affect how far it can fly (the dependent variable), one would want to ensure that the experiment is conducted at times when the weather is the same, because one would not want weather to affect the ...

  4. Control variable - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_variable

    A variable in an experiment which is held constant in order to assess the relationship between multiple variables [a], is a control variable. [2] [3] A control variable is an element that is not changed throughout an experiment because its unchanging state allows better understanding of the relationship between the other variables being tested.

  5. Propensity score matching - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propensity_score_matching

    Choose appropriate confounders (variables hypothesized to be associated with both treatment and outcome) Obtain an estimation for the propensity score: predicted probability p or the log odds, log[p/(1 − p)]. 2. Match each participant to one or more nonparticipants on propensity score, using one of these methods: Nearest neighbor matching

  6. Spurious relationship - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurious_relationship

    Graphical model: Whereas a mediator is a factor in the causal chain (top), a confounder is a spurious factor incorrectly implying causation (bottom). In statistics, a spurious relationship or spurious correlation [1] [2] is a mathematical relationship in which two or more events or variables are associated but not causally related, due to either coincidence or the presence of a certain third ...

  7. Combining flavonoid with vitamin B6 may help preserve ... - AOL

    www.aol.com/combining-flavonoid-vitamin-b6-may...

    A new study of mice shows that a naturally occurring flavonoid can slow down the degradation of vitamin B6 in the brain. A deficiency in vitamin B6 has long been associated with poorer cognitive ...

  8. Why food safety experts stand behind the 'when in doubt ... - AOL

    www.aol.com/why-food-safety-experts-stand...

    "In reality," he said, "foodborne illnesses can lead to severe and long-lasting health issues, hospitalization or even death, especially for vulnerable populations like the immunocompromised ...

  9. Cohort study - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohort_study

    An example of an epidemiological question that can be answered using a cohort study is whether exposure to X (say, smoking) associates with outcome Y (say, lung cancer). For example, in 1951, the British Doctors Study was started. Using a cohort which included both smokers (the exposed group) and non-smokers (the unexposed group).