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  2. Confounding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confounding

    Case-control studies assign confounders to both groups, cases and controls, equally. For example, if somebody wanted to study the cause of myocardial infarct and thinks that the age is a probable confounding variable, each 67-year-old infarct patient will be matched with a healthy 67-year-old "control" person.

  3. Blocking (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blocking_(statistics)

    In the examples listed above, a nuisance variable is a variable that is not the primary focus of the study but can affect the outcomes of the experiment. [3] They are considered potential sources of variability that, if not controlled or accounted for, may confound the interpretation between the independent and dependent variables .

  4. Controlling for a variable - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlling_for_a_variable

    For example, if an outdoor experiment were to be conducted to compare how different wing designs of a paper airplane (the independent variable) affect how far it can fly (the dependent variable), one would want to ensure that the experiment is conducted at times when the weather is the same, because one would not want weather to affect the ...

  5. Multiple comparisons problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_comparisons_problem

    Multiple comparisons arise when a statistical analysis involves multiple simultaneous statistical tests, each of which has a potential to produce a "discovery". A stated confidence level generally applies only to each test considered individually, but often it is desirable to have a confidence level for the whole family of simultaneous tests. [ 4 ]

  6. Spurious relationship - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurious_relationship

    Graphical model: Whereas a mediator is a factor in the causal chain (top), a confounder is a spurious factor incorrectly implying causation (bottom). In statistics, a spurious relationship or spurious correlation [1] [2] is a mathematical relationship in which two or more events or variables are associated but not causally related, due to either coincidence or the presence of a certain third ...

  7. Simpson's paradox - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpson's_paradox

    One of the best-known examples of Simpson's paradox comes from a study of gender bias among graduate school admissions to University of California, Berkeley.The admission figures for the fall of 1973 showed that men applying were more likely than women to be admitted, and the difference was so large that it was unlikely to be due to chance.

  8. Do you overplan the holidays? You might be missing the point

    www.aol.com/overplan-holidays-might-missing...

    There needs to be some time with no obligations or responsibilities, said Dr. Emiliana Simon-Thomas, science director of the Greater Good Science Center — a research institute that studies the ...

  9. Lord's paradox - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord's_paradox

    In statistics, Lord's paradox raises the issue of when it is appropriate to control for baseline status. In three papers, Frederic M. Lord gave examples when statisticians could reach different conclusions depending on whether they adjust for pre-existing differences.