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  2. Confounding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confounding

    Confounding variables may also be categorised according to their source. The choice of measurement instrument (operational confound), situational characteristics (procedural confound), or inter-individual differences (person confound). An operational confounding can occur in both experimental and non-experimental research designs. This type of ...

  3. Spurious relationship - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurious_relationship

    Graphical model: Whereas a mediator is a factor in the causal chain (top), a confounder is a spurious factor incorrectly implying causation (bottom). In statistics, a spurious relationship or spurious correlation [1] [2] is a mathematical relationship in which two or more events or variables are associated but not causally related, due to either coincidence or the presence of a certain third ...

  4. Paired difference test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paired_difference_test

    By pairing students whose values on the confounding variables are similar, a greater fraction of the difference in the value of interest (e.g. the standardized test score in the example discussed above), is due to the factor of interest, and a lesser fraction is due to the confounder.

  5. Student's t-test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student's_t-test

    A one-sample Student's t-test is a location test of whether the mean of a population has a value specified in a null hypothesis. In testing the null hypothesis that the population mean is equal to a specified value μ 0 , one uses the statistic

  6. 60 Confounding Mysteries Of Everyday Things That People ... - AOL

    www.aol.com/internet-60-things-people-accepted...

    The post 60 Confounding Mysteries Of Everyday Things That People Just Can’t Grasp first appeared on Bored Panda. We'll never have all the answers. And sometimes, even the answers don't make ...

  7. Simpson's paradox - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpson's_paradox

    The phenomenon may disappear or even reverse if the data is stratified differently or if different confounding variables are considered. Simpson's example actually highlighted a phenomenon called noncollapsibility, [32] which occurs when subgroups with high proportions do not make simple averages when combined. This suggests that the paradox ...

  8. Experiment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiment

    Confounding is commonly eliminated through scientific controls and/or, ... Students might be given a fluid sample containing an unknown (to the student) amount of ...

  9. Propensity score matching - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propensity_score_matching

    SPSS: A dialog box for Propensity Score Matching is available from the IBM SPSS Statistics menu (Data/Propensity Score Matching), and allows the user to set the match tolerance, randomize case order when drawing samples, prioritize exact matches, sample with or without replacement, set a random seed, and maximize performance by increasing ...