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Woodcut of an indulgence-seller in a church from a 1521 pamphlet Johann Tetzel's coffer, now on display at St. Nicholaus church in Jüterbog, Germany. Martin Luther, professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg and town preacher, [3] wrote the Ninety-five Theses against the contemporary practice of the church with respect to indulgences.
Download as PDF; Printable version; ... 95 Theses (study guide) ... Luther's Fortress: Martin Luther and His Reformation Under Siege. 2015 New York: ...
Luther, Martin (Sep 2008) [26 Apr 1518], "The Heidelberg Disputation", The book of concord, archived from the original on 23 September 2017 Totten, Mark (2003), "Luther on unio cum Christo : Toward a Model for Integrating Faith and Ethics", The Journal of Religious Ethics , 31 (3), Wiley-Blackwell: 443– 62, doi : 10.1111/1467-9795.00147 ...
Summons for Luther to appear at the Diet of Worms signed by Emperor Charles V; the text on the left was on the reverse side.. In June 1520, Pope Leo X issued the Papal bull Exsurge Domine ("Arise, O Lord"), outlining 41 purported errors found in Martin Luther's Ninety-five Theses and other writings related to or written by him.
The theses were published both in Latin and German and their number corresponds to the 95 Theses of Martin Luther. The title alludes to the Book of Ecclesiastes in the Old Testament: "The words of the wise are like goads, their collected sayings like firmly embedded nails — given by one Shepherd" (Ecclesiastes 12:11).
Karlstadt, the dean of the Wittenberg theological faculty, felt that he had to defend Luther against Eck's critical commentary on the 95 Theses and so challenged Johann Eck, a professor of theology at the University of Ingolstadt, to a public debate concerning the doctrines of free will and grace.
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Luther's 95 Theses. The protests against Rome began in earnest in 1517 when Martin Luther, an Augustinian friar, called for a reopening of the debate on the sale of indulgences. Luther's dissent marked a sudden outbreak of a new and irresistible force of discontent which had been pushed underground but not resolved.