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  2. Public policy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy

    Government action is the decisions, policies, and actions taken by governments, which can have a significant impact on individuals, organizations, and society at large. Regulations, subsidies, taxes, and spending plans are just a few of the various shapes it might take.

  3. Direct effect of European Union law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_effect_of_European...

    The landmark judgments on the direct effect of Directives are Van Duyn v Home Office, [8] which established vertical direct effect of Directives, and Marshall v Southampton Health Authority, [9] which established that there is no horizontal direct effect of unimplemented directives. The horizontal direct effect of Directives is a contentious issue.

  4. Direct democracy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_democracy

    Direct democracy or pure democracy is a form of democracy in which the electorate decides on policy initiatives without elected representatives as proxies. This differs from the majority of currently established democracies, which are representative democracies.

  5. History of direct democracy in the United States - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_direct...

    State Politics & Policy Quarterly 8.4 (2008): 362-383. online; Cronin, Thomas E. (1989). Direct Democracy: The Politics Of Initiative, Referendum, And Recall. Harvard University Press. Despite the author's bias against direct democracy, the book is a good read for the issues, personalities, and organizations in the Progressive period of the ...

  6. Direct applicability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_applicability

    Direct applicability is often confused with the doctrine of direct effect. This confusion is perhaps explained by reference to the treaty provision governing regulations which provides that they, and only they, have direct applicability within the member states. The early jurisprudence of the ECJ suggested that 'direct effect' was a consequence ...

  7. Law of the European Union - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_European_Union

    Decision-making must be "proportionate" toward a legitimate aim when reviewing any discretionary act of a government or powerful body, for example, if a government wishes to change an employment law in a neutral way, yet this could have disproportionate negative impact on women rather than men, the government must show a legitimate aim, and ...

  8. AOL Mail is free and helps keep you safe.

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    Get AOL Mail for FREE! Manage your email like never before with travel, photo & document views. Personalize your inbox with themes & tabs. You've Got Mail!

  9. Regulatory economics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_economics

    Regulation is generally defined as legislation imposed by a government on individuals and private sector firms in order to regulate and modify economic behaviors. [1] Conflict can occur between public services and commercial procedures (e.g. maximizing profit ), the interests of the people using these services (see market failure ), and also ...