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In macroeconomics, hard currency, safe-haven currency, or strong currency is any globally traded currency that serves as a reliable and stable store of value.Factors contributing to a currency's hard status might include the stability and reliability of the respective state's legal and bureaucratic institutions, level of corruption, long-term stability of its purchasing power, the associated ...
This contrasts with a hard loan, which has to be paid back in an agreed hard currency, usually of a country with a stable, robust economy. [ 2 ] An example of a soft loan is a $2 billion loan by China's Export-Import Bank to Angola in October 2004 to help build infrastructure.
A soft landing in the business cycle is the process of an economy shifting from growth to slow-growth to potentially flat, as it approaches but avoids a recession. It is usually caused by government attempts to slow down inflation. [1] The criteria for distinguishing between a hard and soft landing are numerous and subjective.
Hard money loans are also different from so-called soft money loans: Hard money loans are usually secured by physical assets like property and their assessed value in the form of equity.
The concept of soft budget constraint is commonly applied to economies in transition. This theory was originally proposed by János Kornai in 1979. It was used to explain the "economic behavior in socialist economies marked by shortage”. [ 2 ]
The criteria for distinguishing between a hard and soft landing are numerous and subjective. In the United States of America, modern recessions and hard and soft landings follow from Federal Reserve tightening cycles, in which the Federal funds rate is increased over several consecutive moves.
Sir Thomas Gresham. In economics, Gresham's law is a monetary principle stating that "bad money drives out good". For example, if there are two forms of commodity money in circulation, which are accepted by law as having similar face value, the more valuable commodity will gradually disappear from circulation.
Hard money may refer to: Hard currency, globally traded currency that can serve as a reliable and stable store of value; Hard money (policy), currency backed by precious metal "Hard money" donations to candidates for political office (tightly regulated, as opposed to unregulated "soft money")