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A mushroom or toadstool is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground, on soil, or on its food source.
Examples exist in the mushroom genera Armillaria and Xerula, both in the Physalacriaceae. Occasionally, basidiospores are not formed and parts of the "basidia" act as the dispersal agents, e.g. the peculiar mycoparasitic jelly fungus, Tetragoniomyces or the entire "basidium" acts as a "spore", e.g. in some false puffballs ( Scleroderma ).
The English word fungus is directly adopted from the Latin fungus (mushroom), used in the writings of Horace and Pliny. [10] This in turn is derived from the Greek word sphongos (σφόγγος 'sponge'), which refers to the macroscopic structures and morphology of mushrooms and molds; [11] the root is also used in other languages, such as the German Schwamm ('sponge') and Schimmel ('mold').
Agaricus bisporus, commonly known as the cultivated mushroom, is a basidiomycete mushroom native to grasslands in Eurasia and North America. It is cultivated in more than 70 countries and is one of the most commonly and widely consumed mushrooms in the world.
Agaricus is a genus of mushroom-forming fungi containing both edible and poisonous species, with over 400 members worldwide [2] [3] and possibly again as many disputed or newly-discovered species.
Amanita muscaria, commonly known as the fly agaric or fly amanita, [5] is a basidiomycete of the genus Amanita.It is a large white-gilled, white-spotted, and usually red mushroom.
Schizophyllum commune is a species of fungus in the genus Schizophyllum.The mushroom resembles undulating waves of tightly packed corals or a loose Chinese fan. Gillies or split-gills vary from creamy yellow to pale white in colour.
It is the largest group of mushroom-forming fungi, and includes more than 600 genera and over 25,000 species. [1] Molecular phylogenetics analyses of ribosomal DNA sequences have led to advances in our understanding of the Agaricales, and substantially revised earlier assessments of families and genera . [ 2 ]