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Plato's theory of the soul, which was inspired variously by the teachings of Socrates, considered the psyche (Ancient Greek: ψῡχή, romanized: psūkhḗ) to be the essence of a person, being that which decides how people behave. Plato considered this essence to be an incorporeal, eternal occupant of a person's being.
In The Republic (509d–510a), Socrates describes the divided line to Glaucon this way: . Now take a line which has been cut into two unequal parts, and divide each of them again in the same proportion, [1] and suppose the two main divisions to answer, one to the visible and the other to the intelligible, and then compare the subdivisions in respect of their clearness and want of clearness ...
In this view, a soul is the hylomorphic form of a viable organism, wherein each level of the hierarchy formally supervenes upon the substance of the preceding level. For Aristotle, the first two souls, based on the body, perish when the living organism dies, [3] [4] whereas there remains an immortal and perpetual intellective part of mind. [5]
The soul is also an energeia: it acts upon or actualizes its own thoughts and creates "a separate, material cosmos that is the living image of the spiritual or noetic Cosmos contained as a unified thought within the Intelligence". So it is the soul which perceives things in nature physically, which it understands to be reality.
Soul dualism, also called dualistic pluralism or multiple souls, is a range of beliefs that a person has two or more kinds of souls.In many cases, one of the souls is associated with body functions ("body soul") and the other one can leave the body ("free soul" or "wandering soul").
Plotinus saw the soul as a tool of universal structure and one of two parts of the human form: body and soul. [15] He saw the soul as what was responsible for life and for there to be existence after death, the soul could not be in the body. However, the body was necessary for the soul to exist.
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Sleep is a similar state in which a reduced number of soul atoms are in the body. [42] Leucippus was the first philosopher to describe a theory of thought and perception. [43] He described sensory input as a transfer between atoms, created when external atoms come into contact with the atoms of the soul. [44]