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The Ukrainian National transliteration system uses gh to avoid occurrence of another digraph, usually zh which is used for another type of phoneme. Such as the word "pack" (a group of animals) in Ukrainian would be Romanized as zghraia ( Ukrainian : зграя ) rather than zhraia, which could be misconstrued to intend * жрая .
In Welsh, the digraph ll fused for a time into a ligature.. A digraph (from Ancient Greek δίς (dís) 'double' and γράφω (gráphō) 'to write') or digram is a pair of characters used in the orthography of a language to write either a single phoneme (distinct sound), or a sequence of phonemes that does not correspond to the normal values of the two characters combined.
Likewise, the trigraph ngh (ngờ ghép "composed ng ") also replaces the digraph ng in those positions. "gh" can be explained as following Italian convention, and "ngh" as a form of analogy. However, there still is gi which is considered a digraph on its own, shortened to g before i , even in the word gì.
When gh occurs at the beginning of a word, it is pronounced hard (/ɡ/) as in “ghost” and “ghetto". In a few words of Greek origin, the digraph gm is pronounced /m/, with the (g) being silent, such as in “phlegm”, “paradigm” and "diaphragm".
The digraph ng is not an independent letter, but it is an exception to the phonemic principle, one of the few in standard Finnish. ng (capital nG ) is used word-initially in Irish , as the eclipsis of g , to represent /ŋ/ (beside a, o, u ) or /ɲ/ (beside e, i ), e.g. ár ngalar /aːɾˠ ˈŋalˠəɾˠ/ "our illness" (cf. /ˈɡalˠəɾˠ/ ), i ...
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For example, both the k and the digraph gh of English knight were once pronounced (the latter is still pronounced in some Scots varieties), but after the loss of their sounds, they no longer represent the word's phonemic structure or its pronunciation. Spelling may represent the pronunciation of a different dialect from the one being considered.