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The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j, and in the Americanist phonetic notation it is y . Because the English name of the letter J, jay, starts with [dʒ] (voiced postalveolar affricate), the approximant is sometimes instead called yod (jod), as in the phonological history terms yod-dropping and yod-coalescence.
Ukrainian uses the letter є (see Ukrainian Ye) in this way. Following a consonant, Ye indicates that the consonant is palatalized, and represents the vowel /e/ (phonetically [e] or [ɛ]), like the pronunciation of e in "yes". In Russian, the letter е can follow unpalatalized consonants, especially ж , ш , and ц .
The letter yogh (ȝogh) (Ȝ ȝ; Scots: yoch; Middle English: ȝogh) was used in Middle English and Older Scots, representing y (/j/) and various velar phonemes. It was derived from the Insular form of the letter g, Ᵹᵹ.
Thus the word Yidish 'Yiddish' is spelled ייִדיש. The first yod represents [j]; the second yod represents [i] and is distinguished from the adjacent [j] by a dot; the third yod represents [i] as well, but no dot is necessary. The digraph יי, consisting of two yods, represents the diphthong [ej].
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The former sound is usually spelled ä , but some words exceptionally have e , among them words with ej , numerals, proper names and their derivations, and loanwords. Before 1889, e for /ɛ/ and /ɛː/ was also used for many other words, in particular words with je now spelled jä .
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^11 The letter ئ represents /j/ after a vowel, e.g., جُدائِي judāyi ' separation '. ^12 It is also common to write ﺉ with the hamza over the right side of the letter – ٸ. ^13 The letter ۀ is only represented at the end of a word, e.g., تېرٙۀ terə́ ' sharp '. The vowel /ə/, when present between consonants, is not ...