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  2. Signed number representations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signed_number_representations

    In computing, signed number representations are required to encode negative numbers in binary number systems. In mathematics, negative numbers in any base are represented by prefixing them with a minus sign ("−"). However, in RAM or CPU registers, numbers are represented only as sequences of bits, without extra symbols.

  3. Method of complements - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_of_complements

    The method of complements is especially useful in binary (radix 2) since the ones' complement is very easily obtained by inverting each bit (changing '0' to '1' and vice versa). Adding 1 to get the two's complement can be done by simulating a carry into the least significant bit. For example:

  4. Booth's multiplication algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booth's_multiplication...

    Booth's algorithm can be implemented by repeatedly adding (with ordinary unsigned binary addition) one of two predetermined values A and S to a product P, then performing a rightward arithmetic shift on P. Let m and r be the multiplicand and multiplier, respectively; and let x and y represent the number of bits in m and r.

  5. Two's complement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two's_complement

    Two's complement is the most common method of representing signed (positive, negative, and zero) integers on computers, [1] and more generally, fixed point binary values. Two's complement uses the binary digit with the greatest value as the sign to indicate whether the binary number is positive or negative; when the most significant bit is 1 the number is signed as negative and when the most ...

  6. Binary number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_number

    To convert a hexadecimal number into its binary equivalent, simply substitute the corresponding binary digits: 3A 16 = 0011 1010 2 E7 16 = 1110 0111 2. To convert a binary number into its hexadecimal equivalent, divide it into groups of four bits. If the number of bits isn't a multiple of four, simply insert extra 0 bits at the left (called ...

  7. Base64 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base64

    As with all binary-to-text encoding schemes, Base64 is designed to carry data stored in binary formats across channels that only reliably support text content. Base64 is particularly prevalent on the World Wide Web [ 1 ] where one of its uses is the ability to embed image files or other binary assets inside textual assets such as HTML and CSS ...

  8. Bitwise operation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation

    A bitwise AND is a binary operation that takes two equal-length binary representations and performs the logical AND operation on each pair of the corresponding bits. Thus, if both bits in the compared position are 1, the bit in the resulting binary representation is 1 (1 × 1 = 1); otherwise, the result is 0 (1 × 0 = 0 and 0 × 0 = 0).

  9. Non-adjacent form - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-adjacent_form

    For regular binary representations of values, half of all bits will be non-zero, on average, but with NAF this drops to only one-third of all digits. This leads to efficient implementations of add/subtract networks (e.g. multiplication by a constant) in hardwired digital signal processing .