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Gauge factor (GF) or strain factor of a strain gauge is the ratio of relative change in electrical resistance R, to the mechanical strain ε. The gauge factor is defined as: [ 1 ] G F = Δ R / R Δ L / L = Δ R / R ε = 1 + 2 ν + Δ ρ / ρ ε {\displaystyle GF={\frac {\Delta R/R}{\Delta L/L}}={\frac {\Delta R/R}{\varepsilon }}=1+2\nu +{\frac ...
An unmounted resistive foil strain gauge. A strain gauge takes advantage of the physical property of electrical conductance and its dependence on the conductor's geometry. . When an electrical conductor is stretched within the limits of its elasticity such that it does not break or permanently deform, it will become narrower and longer, which increases its electrical resistance end-to-
The deformations around the hole are measured during the experiment using strain gauges or optical methods. The original residual stress in the material is calculated from the measured deformations. The hole drilling method is popular for its simplicity and it is suitable for a wide range of applications and materials.
The elongation measurement is used to calculate the engineering strain, ε, using the following equation: [5] = = where ΔL is the change in gauge length, L 0 is the initial gauge length, and L is the final length.
Strain gauges can be used to experimentally determine the deformation of a physical part. A commonly used type of strain gauge is a thin flat resistor that is affixed to the surface of a part, and which measures the strain in a given direction. From the measurement of strain on a surface in three directions the stress state that developed in ...
The Hopkinson pressure bar was first suggested by Bertram Hopkinson in 1914 [1] as a way to measure stress pulse propagation in a metal bar. Later, in 1949 Herbert Kolsky [2] refined Hopkinson's technique by using two Hopkinson bars in series, now known as the split-Hopkinson bar, to measure stress and strain, incorporating advancements in the cathode ray oscilloscope in conjunction with ...
The resulting slip bands appear at the lower yield point and propagate along the gauge length, at constant stress, until the Lüders strain is reached, and deformation becomes uniform. Beyond the Lüders strain, the stress increases due to strain hardening until it reaches the ultimate tensile stress.
The definition of strain rate was first introduced in 1867 by American metallurgist Jade LeCocq, who defined it as "the rate at which strain occurs. It is the time rate of change of strain." In physics the strain rate is generally defined as the derivative of the strain with respect to time. Its precise definition depends on how strain is measured.
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