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  2. Powder metallurgy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_metallurgy

    Iron powder is commonly used for sintering. Powder metallurgy (PM) is a term covering a wide range of ways in which materials or components are made from metal powders.PM processes are sometimes used to reduce or eliminate the need for subtractive processes in manufacturing, lowering material losses and reducing the cost of the final product. [1]

  3. Cementation (metallurgy) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementation_(metallurgy)

    Cementation of copper is a common example. Copper ions in solution, often from an ore leaching process, are precipitated out of solution in the presence of solid iron. The iron oxidizes, and the copper ions are reduced through the transfer of electrons. The reaction is spontaneous because copper is higher on the galvanic series than iron.

  4. Metal powder - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_powder

    The following processes can be used to produce metal powder: [6] Direct reduction is the result of blending carbon with iron oxide ore, heating the mixture, removing the sponge iron from the carbon, grinding it, annealing it, and regrinding to make the powder form usable for manufacturing.

  5. Selective laser melting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_laser_melting

    The process starts by slicing the 3D CAD file data into layers, usually from 20 to 100 micrometers thick, creating a 2D cross-section of each layer; this file format is the industry standard .stl file used on most layer-based 3D printing or stereolithography technologies. This file is then loaded into a file preparation software package that ...

  6. Ultrasonic consolidation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic_consolidation

    The file is then "sliced" into layers which results in the production of a cnc gcode file that can be used by the UC machine to build the required object, layer by layer. A schematic of the Ultrasonic Consolidation (UC) or Ultrasonic Additive Manufacturing (UAM) process. The general manufacturing process is:

  7. Copper extraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_extraction

    World copper production, 1900–2012. Peak copper is the point in time at which the maximum global copper production rate is reached. Since copper is a finite resource, at some point in the future new production from mining will diminish, and at some earlier time production will reach a maximum. When this will occur is a matter of dispute.

  8. Laser metal deposition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_Metal_Deposition

    Laser metal deposition (LMD) is an additive manufacturing process in which a feedstock material (typically a powder) is melted with a laser and then deposited onto a substrate. [1] A variety of pure metals and alloys can be used as the feedstock, as well as composite materials such as metal matrix composites .

  9. Copper foil - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_foil

    Copper foil is a crucial component in the manufacturing of PCBs, which are the building blocks of electronic devices. It is used to create conductive traces and interconnections on the insulating substrate, allowing the flow of electrical signals between different components.