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Composition over inheritance (or composite reuse principle) in object-oriented programming (OOP) is the principle that classes should favor polymorphic behavior and code reuse by their composition (by containing instances of other classes that implement the desired functionality) over inheritance from a base or parent class. [2]
Complex inheritance, or inheritance used within an insufficiently mature design, may lead to the yo-yo problem. When inheritance was used as a primary approach to structure programs in the late 1990s, developers tended to break code into more layers of inheritance as the system functionality grew.
Some languages like Go do not support inheritance at all. Go states that it is object-oriented, [35] and Bjarne Stroustrup, author of C++, has stated that it is possible to do OOP without inheritance. [36] The doctrine of composition over inheritance advocates implementing has-a relationships using composition instead of inheritance. For ...
It uses two main techniques for assembling and composing functionality into more complex ones, sub-typing and object composition. [2] Object composition is about combining objects within compound objects, and at the same time, ensuring the encapsulation of each object by using their well-defined interface without visibility of their internals.
The factory method pattern relies on inheritance, as object creation is delegated to subclasses that implement the factory method to create objects. [3] The pattern can also rely on the implementation of an interface .
The curiously recurring template pattern (CRTP) is an idiom, originally in C++, in which a class X derives from a class template instantiation using X itself as a template argument. [1] More generally it is known as F-bound polymorphism , and it is a form of F -bounded quantification .
Multiple inheritance is a feature of some object-oriented computer programming languages in which an object or class can inherit features from more than one parent object or parent class. It is distinct from single inheritance, where an object or class may only inherit from one particular object or class.
They introduce six OO complexity metrics: (1) weighted methods per class; (2) coupling between object classes; (3) response for a class; (4) number of children; (5) depth of inheritance tree; and (6) lack of cohesion of methods. Several other metrics can be used to measure programming complexity: Branching complexity (Sneed Metric)