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Arthus reactions (type III hypersensitivity reactions) are rarely reported after vaccination and can occur after tetanus toxoid–containing or diphtheria toxoid–containing vaccines. An Arthus reaction is a local vasculitis associated with deposition of immune complexes and activation of complement.
Serum sickness is a type III hypersensitivity reaction, caused by immune complexes. [2] When an antiserum is given, the human immune system can mistake the proteins present for harmful antigens . The body produces antibodies, which combine with these proteins to form immune complexes. [ 2 ]
The mechanism by which immune complexes are pathogenic is complex and much of what we know is derived from experimental models of the Arthus reaction and serum sickness. These models support that Fc receptors play a dominant role in the response which can be augmented by the complement system via the anaphylatoxin C5a.
The most common diseases involving a type III hypersensitivity reaction are serum sickness, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, farmers' lung (hypersensitivity pneumonitis), and rheumatoid arthritis.
Laboratory abnormalities include normal or mild decreases in serum C3, C4, and CH50 levels, and mild proteinuria. In contrast to true serum sickness, renal and hepatic involvement is rare. Significant decreases in serum C3, C4, and CH50, reported in the literature for true serum sickness, are rarely described in serum sickness–like reaction.
Nicolas Maurice Arthus (/ ɑːr ˈ tj uː s /, 9 January 1862 – 24 February 1945) was a French immunologist and physiologist. The Arthus reaction, a localized inflammatory response, is named after him. Arthus was born on 9 January 1862 in Angers, France. He studied medicine in Paris and received his doctorate in 1886.
An autoimmune disease is a condition arising from an abnormal immune response to a normal body part. [5] There are at least 80 types of autoimmune diseases. [5] Nearly any body part can be involved. Common symptoms include low-grade fever and feeling tired. [5] Often symptoms come and go. [5]
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to immunology: . Immunology – study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. [1] It deals with the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and disease; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency ...