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As a supplement it is used to treat vitamin B12 deficiency including pernicious anemia. [1] [2] Other uses include treatment for cyanide poisoning, Leber's optic atrophy, and toxic amblyopia. [3] [4] It is given by injection into a muscle or vein, [2] by pill or sublingually. Side effects are generally few. [2]
Vitamin B 12 was discovered as a result of pernicious anemia, an autoimmune disorder in which the blood has a lower than normal number of red blood cells, due to a deficiency of vitamin B 12. [5] [16] The ability to absorb the vitamin declines with age, especially in people over 60. [17]
Methylcobalamin is equivalent physiologically to vitamin B 12, [3] and can be used to prevent or treat pathology arising from a lack of vitamin B 12 intake (vitamin B 12 deficiency). Methylcobalamin is also used in the treatment of peripheral neuropathy , diabetic neuropathy , and as a preliminary treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis .
Lack of vitamin B12 can cause megaloblastic anemia—a condition characterized by larger than normal red blood cells in a smaller than normal amount. This causes fatigue, paleness in the skin ...
[9] [10] Vitamin-D supplements may not be effective in people with severe kidney disease. [11] [10] Excessive doses in humans can result in vomiting, constipation, muscle weakness, and confusion. [5] Other risks include kidney stones. [11] Doses greater than 40 000 IU (1000 μg) per day are generally required before high blood calcium occurs. [12]
Cyanocobalamin is a form of vitamin B 12 used to treat and prevent vitamin B 12 deficiency except in the presence of cyanide toxicity. [7] [8] [2] The deficiency may occur in pernicious anemia, following surgical removal of the stomach, with fish tapeworm, or due to bowel cancer.
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