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Electron transfer reactions are central to myriad processes and properties in soils, and redox potential, quantified as Eh (platinum electrode potential relative to the standard hydrogen electrode) or pe (analogous to pH as -log electron activity), is a master variable, along with pH, that controls and is governed by chemical reactions and ...
The Wolff–Kishner reduction is a reaction used in organic chemistry to convert carbonyl functionalities into methylene groups. [1] [2] In the context of complex molecule synthesis, it is most frequently employed to remove a carbonyl group after it has served its synthetic purpose of activating an intermediate in a preceding step.
Stephen aldehyde synthesis, a named reaction in chemistry, was invented by Henry Stephen (OBE/MBE).This reaction involves the preparation of aldehydes (R-CHO) from nitriles (R-CN) using tin(II) chloride (SnCl 2), hydrochloric acid (HCl) and quenching the resulting iminium salt ([R-CH=NH 2] + Cl −) with water (H 2 O).
First performed by Justus von Liebig in 1838, [1] it is the first reported example of a rearrangement reaction. [2] It has become a classic reaction in organic synthesis and has been reviewed many times before. [3] [4] [5] It can be viewed as an intramolecular redox reaction, as one carbon center is oxidized while the other is reduced. Scheme 1.
The values below are standard apparent reduction potentials (E°') for electro-biochemical half-reactions measured at 25 °C, 1 atmosphere and a pH of 7 in aqueous solution. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The actual physiological potential depends on the ratio of the reduced ( Red ) and oxidized ( Ox ) forms according to the Nernst equation and the thermal voltage .
The Bouveault–Blanc reduction is a chemical reaction in which an ester is reduced to primary alcohols using absolute ethanol and sodium metal. [1] It was first reported by Louis Bouveault and Gustave Louis Blanc in 1903.
By studying purple sulphur bacteria and green sulphur bacteria he was the first scientist to demonstrate, in 1931, that photosynthesis is a light-dependent redox reaction [2] in which hydrogen from an oxidizable compound reduces carbon dioxide to cellular materials. Expressed as: 2 H 2 A + CO 2 → 2A + CH 2 O + H 2 O
For example, an enzyme that catalyzed this reaction would be an oxidoreductase: A – + B → A + B – In this example, A is the reductant (electron donor) and B is the oxidant (electron acceptor). In biochemical reactions, the redox reactions are sometimes more difficult to see, such as this reaction from glycolysis: