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Electron transfer reactions are central to myriad processes and properties in soils, and redox potential, quantified as Eh (platinum electrode potential relative to the standard hydrogen electrode) or pe (analogous to pH as -log electron activity), is a master variable, along with pH, that controls and is governed by chemical reactions and ...
The Elbs persulfate oxidation is the organic reaction of phenols with alkaline potassium persulfate to form para-diphenols. [1] The reaction is generally performed in water at room temperatures or below, using equimolar quantities of reagents. The Elbs persulfate oxidation. Several reviews have been published. [2] [3] [4]
Stephen aldehyde synthesis, a named reaction in chemistry, was invented by Henry Stephen (OBE/MBE).This reaction involves the preparation of aldehydes (R-CHO) from nitriles (R-CN) using tin(II) chloride (SnCl 2), hydrochloric acid (HCl) and quenching the resulting iminium salt ([R-CH=NH 2] + Cl −) with water (H 2 O).
First performed by Justus von Liebig in 1838, [1] it is the first reported example of a rearrangement reaction. [2] It has become a classic reaction in organic synthesis and has been reviewed many times before. [3] [4] [5] It can be viewed as an intramolecular redox reaction, as one carbon center is oxidized while the other is reduced. Scheme 1.
By studying purple sulphur bacteria and green sulphur bacteria he was the first scientist to demonstrate, in 1931, that photosynthesis is a light-dependent redox reaction [2] in which hydrogen from an oxidizable compound reduces carbon dioxide to cellular materials. Expressed as: 2 H 2 A + CO 2 → 2A + CH 2 O + H 2 O
The Wolff–Kishner reduction is a reaction used in organic chemistry to convert carbonyl functionalities into methylene groups. [1] [2] In the context of complex molecule synthesis, it is most frequently employed to remove a carbonyl group after it has served its synthetic purpose of activating an intermediate in a preceding step.
For example, an enzyme that catalyzed this reaction would be an oxidoreductase: A – + B → A + B – In this example, A is the reductant (electron donor) and B is the oxidant (electron acceptor). In biochemical reactions, the redox reactions are sometimes more difficult to see, such as this reaction from glycolysis:
Reductive stress (RS) is defined as an abnormal accumulation of reducing equivalents despite being in the presence of intact oxidation and reduction systems. [1] A redox reaction involves the transfer of electrons from reducing agents (reductants) to oxidizing agents (oxidants) and redox couples are accountable for the majority of the cellular electron flow. [2]