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  2. Glutamate–glutamine cycle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamateglutamine_cycle

    The glutamate/GABA–glutamine cycle is a metabolic pathway that describes the release of either glutamate or GABA from neurons which is then taken up into astrocytes (non-neuronal glial cells). In return, astrocytes release glutamine to be taken up into neurons for use as a precursor to the synthesis of either glutamate or GABA.

  3. Glutamine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamine

    Glutamine is safe in adults and in preterm infants. [25] Although glutamine is metabolized to glutamate and ammonia, both of which have neurological effects, their concentrations are not increased much, and no adverse neurological effects were detected. [25] The observed safe level for supplemental L-glutamine in normal healthy adults is 14 g ...

  4. Glutaminolysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutaminolysis

    The conversion of the amino acid glutamine to α-ketoglutarate takes place in two reaction steps: Conversion of glutamine to α-ketoglutarate. 1. Hydrolysis of the amino group of glutamine yielding glutamate and ammonium. Catalyzing enzyme: glutaminase (EC 3.5.1.2) 2. Glutamate can be excreted or can be further metabolized to α-ketoglutarate.

  5. Glutamate (neurotransmitter) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate_(neurotransmitter)

    Glutamate is a very major constituent of a wide variety of proteins; consequently it is one of the most abundant amino acids in the human body. [1] Glutamate is formally classified as a non-essential amino acid, because it can be synthesized (in sufficient quantities for health) from α-ketoglutaric acid, which is produced as part of the citric acid cycle by a series of reactions whose ...

  6. Glutamine synthetase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamine_synthetase

    Glutamine synthetase (GS) (EC 6.3.1.2) [3] is an enzyme that plays an essential role in the metabolism of nitrogen by catalyzing the condensation of glutamate and ammonia to form glutamine: Glutamate + ATP + NH 3 → Glutamine + ADP + phosphate

  7. Glutamate receptor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate_receptor

    An increase or decrease in the number of ionotropic glutamate receptors on a postsynaptic cell may lead to long-term potentiation or long-term depression of that cell, respectively. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Additionally, metabotropic glutamate receptors may modulate synaptic plasticity by regulating postsynaptic protein synthesis through second ...

  8. Gamma-glutamyltransferase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-glutamyltransferase

    Gamma-glutamyltransferase (also γ-glutamyltransferase, GGT, gamma-GT, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; [1] EC 2.3.2.2) is a transferase (a type of enzyme) that catalyzes the transfer of gamma-glutamyl functional groups from molecules such as glutathione to an acceptor that may be an amino acid, a peptide or water (forming glutamate).

  9. Deamidation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deamidation

    Deamidation is a chemical reaction in which an amide functional group in the side chain of the amino acids asparagine or glutamine is removed or converted to another functional group. Typically, asparagine is converted to aspartic acid or isoaspartic acid. Glutamine is converted to glutamic acid or pyroglutamic acid (5-oxoproline).

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