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These polymers are derived from polystyrene by the addition of sulfonate functional groups. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate was approved for medical use in the United States in 1958. [1] A polystyrene sulfonate was developed in the 2000s to treat Clostridioides difficile associated diarrhea under the name Tolevamer, [2] but it was never marketed.
Potassium binders are medications that bind potassium ions in the gastrointestinal tract, thereby preventing its intestinal absorption. This category formerly consisted solely of polystyrene sulfonate, a polyanionic resin attached to a cation, administered either orally or by retention enema to patients who are at risk of developing hyperkalaemia (abnormal high serum potassium levels).
A common group of medication that utilizes a combination of polystyrene and sulfonate functional groups are polystyrene sulfonates. [3] This medication is primarily used to treat hyperkalemia, a condition that results from an increased blood potassium level. [3] FDA approved equivalents of polystyrene sulfonates are KIONEX, KALEXATE, and SPS ...
Tolevamer was designed to bind the enterotoxins of Clostridioides difficile.Since it has no antibiotic properties, it does not harm the gut flora.Early studies used the sodium salt, but it was soon replaced with the potassium sodium salt to prevent hypokalaemia, which is often associated with diarrhea.
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is a composite material where PEDOT (the conductive polymer) provides electrical conductivity, and PSS (polystyrene sulfonate) acts as a counter-ion to balance the charge and improve the water solubility and processability of PEDOT.
Other approved potassium binders in the United States include patiromer and sodium polystyrene sulfonate. [14] Hyperkalemia, particularly if severe, is a marker for an increased risk of death. [15] However, there is disagreement regarding whether a modestly elevated levels directly causes problems.
This page was last edited on 26 March 2012, at 11:39 (UTC).; Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License; additional terms may ...
In table salt (NaCl, also known as sodium chloride) the sodium ion (positively charged) is the counterion for the chloride ion (negatively charged) and vice versa. A counterion will be more commonly referred to as an anion or a cation, depending on whether it is negatively or positively charged. Thus, the counterion to an anion will be a cation ...
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