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These polymers are derived from polystyrene by the addition of sulfonate functional groups. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate was approved for medical use in the United States in 1958. [1] A polystyrene sulfonate was developed in the 2000s to treat Clostridioides difficile associated diarrhea under the name Tolevamer, [2] but it was never marketed.
These methods include polystyrene microspheres, nanoparticles, and solid foams. In the biomedical engineering field, these methods assist researchers in drug delivery, diagnostics, and imaging strategies. [1] [2] A common group of medication that utilizes a combination of polystyrene and sulfonate functional groups are polystyrene sulfonates. [3]
Tolevamer was designed to bind the enterotoxins of Clostridioides difficile.Since it has no antibiotic properties, it does not harm the gut flora.Early studies used the sodium salt, but it was soon replaced with the potassium sodium salt to prevent hypokalaemia, which is often associated with diarrhea.
Potassium binders are medications that bind potassium ions in the gastrointestinal tract, thereby preventing its intestinal absorption. This category formerly consisted solely of polystyrene sulfonate, a polyanionic resin attached to a cation, administered either orally or by retention enema to patients who are at risk of developing hyperkalaemia (abnormal high serum potassium levels).
This page was last edited on 26 March 2012, at 11:39 (UTC).; Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License; additional terms may ...
Patiromer was generally well tolerated in studies. Side effects that occurred in more than 2% of patients included in clinical trials were mainly gastro-intestinal problems such as constipation, diarrhea, nausea, and flatulence, and also hypomagnesemia (low levels of magnesium in the blood) in 5% of patients, because patiromer binds magnesium in the gut as well.
The structure of sodium polystyrene sulfonate is shown. When this salt is dissolved in a solvent, the negatively charged side group can adsorb positively charged adsorbates. When this salt is dissolved in a solvent, the negatively charged side group can adsorb positively charged adsorbates.
Sulfonation takes place in concentrated acidic conditions and desulfonation is the mode of action in a dilute hot aqueous acid. The reaction is very useful in protecting the aromatic system because of this reversibility. Due to their electron withdrawing effects, sulfonate protecting groups can be used to prevent electrophilic aromatic ...