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Segregation was enforced across the U.S. for much of its history. Racial segregation follows two forms, De jure and De facto. De jure segregation mandated the separation of races by law, and was the form imposed by slave codes before the Civil War and by Black Codes and Jim Crow laws following the war.
Between 1910 and 1920, the number of Black workers employed in industry nearly doubled from 500,000 to 901,000. [44] After the Great Depression , more advances took place after workers in the steel and meatpacking industries organized into labor unions in the 1930s and 1940s, under the interracial Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO).
Johnson, Charles S. Patterns of Negro Segregation. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1943. Klarman, Michael J. From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-1951-2903-2; Litwack, Leon F. Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow. New York ...
Section 38 of the 1910 Immigration Act permitted the government to prohibit the entry of immigrants "belonging to any race deemed unsuited to the climate or requirements of Canada, or of immigrants of any specified class, occupation or character." [51] Racial segregation practices extended to many areas of employment in Canada.
This act of protest kicked off a series of legal challenges to racial segregation. ... Obama became the first Black president in American history after winning the 2008 election race against John ...
February – Black History Month is founded by Carter Woodson's Association for the Study of Afro-American Life and History. The novel Roots: The Saga of an American Family by Alex Haley is published. 1977. Combahee River Collective, a Black feminist group, publishes the Combahee River Collective Statement.
In 1940, Benjamin O. Davis Sr. became the first Black person to achieve the rank of brigadier general in the US Army. His son, Benjamin O. Davis Jr., later commanded the famed Tuskegee Airmen. In ...
An immediate response was a shift in the Black vote in Northern cities from the GOP to the Democrats (blacks seldom voted in the South.) [162] In Southern states where few Black people voted, Black leaders seized the opportunity to work inside the new federal agencies as social workers and administrators, with an eye to preparing a new ...