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The Arabic alphabet, [a] or the Arabic abjad, is the Arabic script as specifically codified for writing the Arabic language. It is written from right-to-left in a cursive style, and includes 28 letters, [b] of which most have contextual letterforms. Unlike the modern Latin alphabet, the script has no concept of letter case.
Vowel chart representing the pronunciation of diphthongs by a Palestinian speaker educated in Beirut. From Thelwall (1990:38) Modern Standard Arabic has six vowel phonemes forming three pairs of corresponding short and long vowels (/a, aː, i, iː, u, uː/). Many spoken varieties also include /oː/ and /eː/.
The Arabic alphabet is derived either from the Nabataean alphabet [8] [9] or ... Perso-Arabic: Vowels are mandatory, i.e. alphabet Swahili Arabic script: 28 Naskh:
This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Arabic on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Arabic in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them.
Early written Arabic used only rasm (in black). Later, i‘jām (in red) were added so that letters such as ṣād (ص) and ḍād (ض) could be distinguished. Ḥarakāt (in blue)—which is used in the Qur'an but not in most written Arabic—indicate short vowels, long consonants, and some other vocalizations.
The first known recorded text in the Arabic alphabet is known as the Zabad inscription, composed in 512. It is a trilingual dedication in Greek, Syriac and Arabic found at the village of Zabad in northwestern Syria. The version of the Arabic alphabet used includes only 21 letters, of which only 15 are different, being used to note 28 phonemes:
Unicode collation charts—including Arabic letters, sorted by shape; Why the right side of your brain doesn't like Arabic; Arabic fonts by SIL's Non-Roman Script Initiative; Alexis Neme and Sébastien Paumier (2019), "Restoring Arabic vowels through omission-tolerant dictionary lookup", Lang Resources & Evaluation, Vol. 53, pp. 1–65.
Waw (wāw "hook") is the sixth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Arabic wāw و , Aramaic waw 𐡅, Hebrew vav ו , Phoenician wāw 𐤅, and Syriac waw ܘ.. It represents the consonant [] in classical Hebrew, and [] in modern Hebrew, as well as the vowels [] and [].
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