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There are two distinctive mapping approaches used in the field of genome mapping: genetic maps (also known as linkage maps) [7] and physical maps. [3] While both maps are a collection of genetic markers and gene loci, [8] genetic maps' distances are based on the genetic linkage information, while physical maps use actual physical distances usually measured in number of base pairs.
A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. [75] [76] An example of a variation map is the HapMap being developed by the International HapMap Project. The HapMap is a haplotype map of the human genome, "which will describe the common patterns of human DNA sequence variation."
A very simple genotype–phenotype map that only shows additive pleiotropy effects. The genotype–phenotype map is a conceptual model in genetic architecture.Coined in a 1991 paper by Pere Alberch, [1] it models the interdependency of genotype (an organism's full hereditary information) with phenotype (an organism's actual observed properties).
In molecular biology, genome architecture mapping (GAM) is a cryosectioning method to map colocalized DNA regions in a ligation independent manner. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It overcomes some limitations of Chromosome conformation capture (3C), as these methods have a reliance on digestion and ligation to capture interacting DNA segments. [ 3 ]
In genetics, association mapping, also known as "linkage disequilibrium mapping", is a method of mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that takes advantage of historic linkage disequilibrium to link phenotypes (observable characteristics) to genotypes (the genetic constitution of organisms), uncovering genetic associations.
[8] [9] The idea that sets of inherited genes predicted the concept of mapping a disease gene to a chromosomal region originated in the work of Ronald A. Fisher, whose work is also credited with later initiating the project. [10] [11] In 1977, Walter Gilbert, Frederick Sanger, and Paul Berg invented these methods of sequencing DNA. [12] [13]
In genetics, a centimorgan (abbreviated cM) or map unit (m.u.) is a unit for measuring genetic linkage. It is defined as the distance between chromosome positions (also termed loci or markers) for which the expected average number of intervening chromosomal crossovers in a single generation is 0.01. It is often used to infer distance along a ...
One utility of this approach is that it allows one to obtain values for distances in genetic mapping units directly from recombination fractions, as map distances cannot typically be obtained from empirical experiments. [1] The simplest mapping function is the Morgan Mapping Function, eponymously devised by Thomas Hunt Morgan.