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  2. Argon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon

    The main isotopes of argon found on Earth are 40 Ar (99.6%), 36 Ar (0.34%), and 38 Ar (0.06%). Naturally occurring 40 K, with a half-life of 1.25 × 10 9 years, decays to stable 40 Ar (11.2%) by electron capture or positron emission, and also to stable 40 Ca (88.8%) by beta decay. These properties and ratios are used to determine the age of ...

  3. Atmosphere of Earth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth

    The atmosphere of Earth is composed of a layer of gas mixture that surrounds the Earth's planetary surface (both lands and oceans), known collectively as air, with variable quantities of suspended aerosols and particulates (which create weather features such as clouds and hazes), all retained by Earth's gravity.

  4. Atmosphere - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere

    A stellar atmosphere is the outer region of a star, which includes the layers above the opaque photosphere; stars of low temperature might have outer atmospheres containing compound molecules. The atmosphere of Earth is composed of nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), argon (0.9%), carbon dioxide (0.04%) and trace gases. [2]

  5. Atmospheric chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry

    Atmospheric chemistry is a branch of atmospheric science that studies the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere and that of other planets. This multidisciplinary approach of research draws on environmental chemistry, physics, meteorology, computer modeling, oceanography, geology and volcanology, climatology and other disciplines to understand both natural and human-induced changes in atmospheric ...

  6. Climate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_system

    The atmosphere envelops the earth and extends hundreds of kilometres from the surface. It consists mostly of inert nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%) and argon (0.9%). [4] Some trace gases in the atmosphere, such as water vapour and carbon dioxide, are the gases most important for the workings of the climate system, as they are greenhouse gases which allow visible light from the Sun to penetrate to ...

  7. Atmospheric circulation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation

    At the 60th parallel, the air rises to the tropopause (about 8 km at this latitude) and moves poleward. As it does so, the upper-level air mass deviates toward the east. When the air reaches the polar areas, it has cooled by radiation to space and is considerably denser than the underlying air. It descends, creating a cold, dry high-pressure area.

  8. Noble gas - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_gas

    The abundance of argon, on the other hand, is increased as a result of the beta decay of potassium-40, also found in the Earth's crust, to form argon-40, which is the most abundant isotope of argon on Earth despite being relatively rare in the Solar System. This process is the basis for the potassium-argon dating method. [72]

  9. Abundance of the chemical elements - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical...

    The order of elements by volume fraction (which is approximately molecular mole fraction) in the atmosphere is nitrogen (78.1%), oxygen (20.9%), [20] argon (0.96%), followed by (in uncertain order) carbon and hydrogen because water vapor and carbon dioxide, which represent most of these two elements in the air, are variable components. Sulfur ...