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Immunofixation tends to replace protein electrophoresis because : [citation needed] it is faster (results within three hours); it is somewhat more sensitive. Immunofixation may reveal an immunoglobulin missed out by protein electrophoresis, especially at low concentrations (less than 1 gram/litre);
Haptoglobin is raised as part of the acute phase response, resulting in a typical elevation in the alpha-2 zone during inflammation. A normal alpha-2 and an elevated alpha-1 zone is a typical pattern in hepatic metastasis and cirrhosis.
Polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) are antibodies that are secreted by different B cell lineages within the body (whereas monoclonal antibodies come from a single cell lineage). They are a collection of immunoglobulin molecules that react against a specific antigen , each identifying a different epitope .
Crossed immunoelectrophoresis of 2 microlitres of normal human serum. The electrophoresis was performed in thin layers of agarose; the pictured gel is about 7x7 cm. The lower part is the first dimension gel without antibodies, where the serum was applied into the slot at the lower left.
The serum free light-chain assay in combination with serum protein electrophoresis and serum immunofixation electrophoresis is sufficient to screen for pathological monoclonal plasmaproliferative disorders other than AL amyloidosis which requires all the serum tests as well as 24 h urine immunofixation electrophoresis.
It has been reported that oligoclonal bands are nearly absent in patients with pattern II and pattern III lesion types. [19] Six groups of patients are usually separated, based on OCBs: [20] type 1, no bands in CSF and serum; type 2, oligoclonal IgG bands in CSF, type 3, oligoclonal bands in CSF and serum with additional bands in CSF;
It is important to note that, in contrast to increased levels in lymphoma patients, these Ig light chains are polyclonal. Recent studies have shown that these Ig light chains can bind to mast cells and, using their ability to bind antigen, facilitate activation of these mast cells. [ 10 ]
Polyclonal B cell response is a natural mode of immune response exhibited by the adaptive immune system of mammals. It ensures that a single antigen is recognized and attacked through its overlapping parts, called epitopes , by multiple clones of B cell .