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The ansuz rune is always transliterated as o from the Younger Futhark, and consequently, the transliteration mon represents Old Norse man in a runestone from Bällsta, and hon represents Old Norse han in the Frösö Runestone, while forþom represents Old Norse forðom in an inscription from Replösa. [2]
A rune in Old English could be called a rūnstæf (perhaps meaning something along the lines of "mystery letter" or "whisper letter"), or simply rūn. Futhorc inscriptions hold diverse styles and contents. Ochre has been detected on at least one English runestone, implying its runes were once painted.
Rune Poem: [1] English Translation: Old Norwegian ᚬ Óss er flæstra færða fǫr; en skalpr er sværða. Estuary is the way of most journeys; but a scabbard is of swords. Old Icelandic ᚬ Óss er algingautr ok ásgarðs jöfurr, ok valhallar vísi. Jupiter oddviti. God is aged Gautr and prince of Ásgarðr and lord of Valhalla. Old English
The name rune itself, taken to mean "secret, something hidden", seems to indicate that knowledge of the runes was originally considered esoteric, or restricted to an elite. [citation needed] The 6th-century Björketorp Runestone warns in Proto-Norse using the word rune in both senses: Haidzruno runu, falahak haidera, ginnarunaz.
Each rune most probably had a name, chosen to represent the sound of the rune itself according to the principle of acrophony. The Old English names of all 24 runes of the Elder Futhark, along with five names of runes unique to the Anglo-Saxon runes, are preserved in the Old English rune poem, compiled in the 7th century
The evolution of the rune in the elder futhark during the centuries. The k-rune ᚲ (Younger Futhark ᚴ, Anglo-Saxon futhorc ᚳ) is called Kaun in both the Norwegian and Icelandic rune poems, meaning "ulcer". The reconstructed Proto-Germanic name is *Kauną. It is also known as Kenaz ("torch"), based on its Anglo-Saxon name.
Rune Poem: [1] English Translation: Old Norwegian ᚱ Ræið kveða rossom væsta; Reginn sló sværðet bæzta. Riding is said to be the worst thing for horses; Reginn forged the finest sword. Old Icelandic ᚱ Reið er sitjandi sæla ok snúðig ferð ok jórs erfiði. iter ræsir. Riding is of sitting a blessing and swift journey and horses ...
Rune Poem: [2] English Translation: Old Norwegian ᚾ Nauðr gerer næppa koste; nøktan kælr í froste. Constraint gives scant choice; a naked man is chilled by the frost. Old Icelandic ᚾ Nauð er Þýjar þrá ok þungr kostr ok vássamlig verk. opera niflungr. Constraint is grief of the bond-maid and state of oppression and toilsome work ...