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25-Hydroxyvitamin D 1-alpha-hydroxylase (VD 1A hydroxylase) also known as calcidiol 1-monooxygenase [5] or cytochrome p450 27B1 (CYP27B1) or simply 1-alpha-hydroxylase is a cytochrome P450 enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYP27B1 gene. [6] [7] [8]
The liver is required to transform vitamin D into 25-hydroxyvitamin D. This is an inactive metabolite of vitamin D but is a necessary precursor (building block) to create the active form of vitamin D. [1] The kidneys are responsible for converting 25-hydroxyvitamin D to 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D. This is the active form of vitamin D in the body.
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Whether synthesized in the skin or ingested, vitamin D is hydroxylated in the liver at position 25 (upper right of the molecule) to form 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (calcifediol or 25(OH)D). [3] This reaction is catalyzed by the microsomal enzyme vitamin D 25-hydroxylase , the product of the CYP2R1 human gene, and expressed by hepatocytes . [ 189 ]
In medical practice, a blood test for 25-hydroxy-vitamin D, 25(OH)D, is used to determine an individual's vitamin D status. [11] The name 25(OH)D refers to any combination of calcifediol (25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol), derived from vitamin D 3, and ercalcidiol (25-hydroxy-ergocalciferol), [1] derived from vitamin D 2. The first of these (also ...
CYP2R1 is cytochrome P450 2R1, an enzyme which is the principal vitamin D 25-hydroxylase. [5] [6] In humans it is encoded by the CYP2R1 gene located on chromosome 11p15.2. [7]It is expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum in liver, where it performs the first step in the activation of vitamin D by catalyzing the formation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. [8]
Vitamin D toxicity, or hypervitaminosis D, is the toxic state of an excess of vitamin D. The normal range for blood concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in adults is 20 to 50 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL).
These two forms of vitamin D are metabolized in the liver and stored as 25-hydroxyvitamin D. [4] Before biological use, the storage form must be converted into an active form. One common active form is 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. [4] The term vitamin D in this article means cholecalciferol, ergocalciferol, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and the active forms ...