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The Political Constitution of 1899 (Spanish: Constitución Política de 1899), informally known as the Malolos Constitution, was the constitution of the First Philippine Republic. It was written by Felipe Calderón y Roca and Felipe Buencamino as an alternative to a pair of proposals to the Malolos Congress by Apolinario Mabini and Pedro Paterno .
Philippine forces initially attempted to engage U.S. forces conventionally but transitioned to guerrilla tactics by November 1899. Philippine President Emilio Aguinaldo was captured on March 23, 1901, and the war was officially declared over by the US on July 4, 1902. [18]
The Philippine–American War, also known as the Philippine War of Independence or the Philippine Insurrection (1899–1902), [1] was an armed conflict between Filipino revolutionaries and the government of the United States which arose from the struggle of the First Philippine Republic to gain independence following the Philippines being acquired by the United States from Spain.
The Pacification of Batangas was a counterinsurgency action initiated by Philippine Governor William H. Taft and General Adna Chaffee, commander of the United States forces in the Philippines, following the Balangiga massacre in September 1901. [1]
The Philippine Insurrection, also known as the Philippine-American War, is a forgotten chapter in America’s history, even though it lasted over three years and claimed 4,200 American lives.
A revolutionary congress was established with power "[t]o watch over the general interest of the Philippine people, and carrying out of the revolutionary laws; to discuss and vote upon said laws; to discuss and approve, prior to their ratification, treaties and loans; to examine and approve the accounts presented annually by the secretary of ...
The Congress, however, began work to draft a constitution. The resulting document, the Malolos Constitution, was promulgated on January 21, 1899. [ 7 ] Its proclamation resulted in the creation of the Philippine Republic, which replaced the Revolutionary Government.
The Philippine American War or "Philippine Insurrection" has two phases. First phase was the conventional military warfare between two organized armies: The US Forces and the First Philippine Republican Army. This was period was from February to November 1899.