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Parainfluenza viruses circulate year-round, with each type having its own seasonal patterns. The viruses have a tendency towards different complications: influenza is more likely to cause severe pneumonia in high-risk groups; parainfluenza is more likely to cause croup in children.
H. parainfluenzae biotypes I and II are capable of natural genetic transformation. [3] Natural genetic transformation is a bacterial adaptation for DNA transfer. In order for a bacterium to bind, take up and recombine exogenous DNA into its genome it must enter a special physiological state termed natural competence.
Murine respirovirus, formerly Sendai virus (SeV) and previously also known as murine parainfluenza virus type 1 or hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ), is an enveloped, 150-200 nm–diameter, negative sense, single-stranded RNA virus of the family Paramyxoviridae.
The human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV) are the second most common causes of respiratory tract disease in infants and children. There are four types of HPIVs, known as HPIV-1, HPIV-2, HPIV-3 and HPIV-4.
"Viruses like human parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and coronaviruses all circulate in fall and early winter, the time that flu vaccination programs are in full-swing ...
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), rhinoviruses are the most common cause of colds in the U.S., but other causes include human coronaviruses, parainfluenza viruses ...
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Suggested vaccines include canine influenza, Bordetella and canine parainfluenza. Experts also suggest keeping dogs away from communal spaces such as dog parks, boarding facilities and groomers.