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The sinoatrial node (SA node) is the primary pacemaker of the heart. It is a region of cardiac muscle on the wall of the upper right atrium near to the superior vena cava entrance. The cells that make up the SA node are specialized cardiomyocytes known as pacemaker cells that can spontaneously generate cardiac action potentials.
The primary purpose of a pacemaker is to maintain an even heart rate, either because the heart's natural cardiac pacemaker provides an inadequate or irregular heartbeat, or because there is a block in the heart's electrical conduction system. Modern pacemakers are externally programmable and allow a cardiologist to select the optimal pacing ...
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Cellular cardiomyoplasty is a method which augments myocardial function and cardiac output by directly growing new muscle cells in the damaged myocardium (heart muscle). ). Tissue engineering, which is now being categorized as a form of regenerative medicine, can be defined as biomedical engineering to reconstruct, repair, and improve biological tis
Cardiology (from Ancient Greek καρδίᾱ (kardiā) 'heart' and -λογία () 'study') is the study of the heart. Cardiology is a branch of medicine that deals with disorders of the heart and the cardiovascular system.
In 1957, Earl Bakken of Minneapolis, Minnesota, produced the first wearable external pacemaker for a pediatric patient of C. Walton Lillehei. The Swede Rune Elmqvist (1906-1996) developed the first internally implanted pacemaker in 1958. During this time, Reynolds Pombo had designed and built an external pacemaker powered by a 12-volt battery.
Orestes Fiandra (August 4, 1921 in Montevideo, Uruguay – April 22, 2011 in Montevideo, Uruguay), was a professor and researcher in medicine and cardiology in Uruguay.. In 1960 he implanted a pacemaker provided by Rune Elmqvist from the Karolinska Institute of Sweden.
Albert Salisbury Hyman (1893 - 1972), a Harvard-trained New York cardiologist, together with his brother Charles, constructed in 1930-1932 an electromechanical device which was one of the earliest artificial pacemakers. The device was reportedly tested on experiment animals and at least one human patient.