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In strongly basic solutions, phenolphthalein is converted to its In(OH) 3− form, and its pink color undergoes a rather slow fading reaction [6] and becomes completely colorless when pH is greater than 13. The pK a values of phenolphthalein were found to be 9.05, 9.50 and 12 while those of phenolsulfonphthalein are 1.2 and 7.70. [2]
Solution: The main components of a universal indicator, in the form of a solution, are thymol blue, methyl red, bromothymol blue, and phenolphthalein. This mixture is important because each component loses or gains protons depending upon the acidity or alkalinity of the solution being tested. It is beneficial to use this type of universal ...
Phenolphthalein (first transition) colorless 8.3 10.0 purple-pink Phenolphthalein (second transition) purple-pink 12.0 13.0 colorless Thymolphthalein: colorless 9.3 10.5 blue Alizarine Yellow R: yellow 10.2 12.0 red Indigo carmine: blue 11.4 13.0 yellow
It is advised to check the references for photos of reaction results. [1] Reagent testers might show the colour of the desired substance while not showing a different colour for a more dangerous additive. [2]
Aluminum pigments. Ultramarine (PB29): a synthetic or naturally occurring sulfur containing silicate mineral - Na 8–10 Al 6 Si 6 O 24 S 2–4 (generalized formula); Persian blue: made by grinding up the mineral Lapis lazuli.
Upon reduction, the very intense pink color of the cationic form of phenolphthalein fades to a faint yellow color. It is this form of phenolphthalein that is present in Kastle–Meyer test kits. In order to generate the intense pink color indicative of a positive test, the reduced phenolphthalein must be oxidized back to its normal, colored form.
This makes the three rings conjugate together to form an extended chromophore absorbing longer wavelength visible light to show a fuchsia color. [7] At pH ranges outside 0-12, other molecular structure changes result in other color changes; see Phenolphthalein details.
The main use of litmus is to test whether a solution is acidic or basic, as blue litmus paper turns red under acidic conditions, and red litmus paper turns blue under basic or alkaline conditions, with the color change occurring over the pH range 4.5–8.3 at 25 °C (77 °F). Neutral litmus paper is purple. [2]
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