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For a step input, the percentage overshoot (PO) is the maximum value minus the step value divided by the step value. In the case of the unit step, the overshoot is just the maximum value of the step response minus one. Also see the definition of overshoot in an electronics context.
In control theory, overshoot refers to an output exceeding its final, steady-state value. [13] For a step input, the percentage overshoot (PO) is the maximum value minus the step value divided by the step value. In the case of the unit step, the overshoot is just the maximum value of the step response minus one.
A typical step response for a second order system, illustrating overshoot, followed by ringing, all subsiding within a settling time.. The step response of a system in a given initial state consists of the time evolution of its outputs when its control inputs are Heaviside step functions.
Tay, Mareels and Moore (1998) defined settling time as "the time required for the response curve to reach and stay within a range of certain percentage (usually 5% or 2%) of the final value." [ 2 ] Mathematical detail
The process of determining the equations that govern the model's dynamics is called system identification. This can be done off-line: for example, executing a series of measures from which to calculate an approximated mathematical model, typically its transfer function or matrix.
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