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The hydroxyl radical, Lewis structure shown, contains one unpaired electron. Lewis dot structure of a Hydroxide ion compared to a hydroxyl radical. In chemistry, a radical, also known as a free radical, is an atom, molecule, or ion that has at least one unpaired valence electron.
In chemistry and biology, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive chemicals formed from diatomic oxygen (O 2), water, and hydrogen peroxide. Some prominent ROS are hydroperoxide (O 2 H), superoxide (O 2-), [1] hydroxyl radical (OH.), and singlet oxygen. [2] ROS are pervasive because they are readily produced from O 2, which is ...
The free radical theory of aging states that organisms age because cells accumulate free radical damage over time. [1] A free radical is any atom or molecule that has a single unpaired electron in an outer shell. [2] While a few free radicals such as melanin are not chemically reactive, most biologically relevant free radicals are highly ...
In the propagation phase, the lipid radical reacts with oxygen (O 2) or a transition metal, forming a peroxyl radical (LOO •). This peroxyl radical continues the chain reaction by reacting with a new unsaturated fatty acid, producing a new lipid radical (L •) and lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH). These primary products can further decompose into ...
The formation of thiyl radicals in vivo primarily occurs through the action of various radicals on the amino acid cysteine incorporated into proteins. The rate of radical formation is highest with the OH · radical (k = 6.8 x 10 9 M-1 s-1) [3] and decreases through the H · radical (k = 6.8 x 10 9 M-1 s-1) [3] down to peroxyl radicals R-CHOO · (k = 4.2 x 10 3 M-1 s-1).
The hydroperoxyl radical, also known as the hydrogen superoxide, is the protonated form of superoxide with the chemical formula HO 2, also written HOO •. This species plays an important role in the atmosphere and as a reactive oxygen species in cell biology.
This radical adds O 2 to give hydroperoxyl radical (red). In a propagation step, this hydroperoxyl radical abstracts an H + atom from a new diene, generating a new pentadienyl radical and a hydroperoxide (blue). The chemical reaction of lipid peroxidation consists of three phases: initiation, propagation, and termination. [4]
Dissociation in chemistry is a general process in which molecules (or ionic compounds such as salts, or complexes) separate or split into other things such as atoms, ions, or radicals, usually in a reversible manner.