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In cryptography, scrypt (pronounced "ess crypt" [1]) is a password-based key derivation function created by Colin Percival in March 2009, originally for the Tarsnap online backup service. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The algorithm was specifically designed to make it costly to perform large-scale custom hardware attacks by requiring large amounts of memory.
For example, bcrypt cannot be used to derive a 512-bit key from a password. At the same time, algorithms like pbkdf2, scrypt, and argon2 are password-based key derivation functions - where the output is then used for the purpose of password hashing rather than just key derivation. Password hashing generally needs to complete < 1000 ms.
Common graphics processing units can try billions of possible passwords each second. Password hash functions that perform key stretching – such as PBKDF2, scrypt or Argon2 – commonly use repeated invocations of a cryptographic hash to increase the time (and in some cases computer memory) required to perform brute-force attacks on stored ...
Example of a Key Derivation Function chain as used in the Signal Protocol.The output of one KDF function is the input to the next KDF function in the chain. In cryptography, a key derivation function (KDF) is a cryptographic algorithm that derives one or more secret keys from a secret value such as a master key, a password, or a passphrase using a pseudorandom function (which typically uses a ...
A rainbow table is a precomputed table for caching the outputs of a cryptographic hash function, usually for cracking password hashes.Passwords are typically stored not in plain text form, but as hash values.
The Secure Hash Algorithms are a family of cryptographic hash functions published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as a U.S. Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS), including: SHA-0: A retronym applied to the original version of the 160-bit hash function published in 1993 under the name "SHA". It was ...
In cryptanalysis and computer security, password cracking is the process of guessing passwords [1] protecting a computer system.A common approach (brute-force attack) is to repeatedly try guesses for the password and to check them against an available cryptographic hash of the password. [2]
Reversing password encryption (e.g. to obtain a password to try against a user's account elsewhere) is not made possible by the attacks. However, even a secure password hash can't prevent brute-force attacks on weak passwords. See Password cracking.