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The first of the cooling load factors used in this method is the CLTD, or the Cooling Load Temperature Difference. This factor is used to represent the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor air with the inclusion of the heating effects of solar radiation. [1] [5] The second factor is the CLF, or the cooling load factor.
It is calculated as the fraction of the actual total solar radiation on the surface of the Earth during a certain period over the theoretical maximum (i.e., clear sky) radiation during the same period. [1] [2] The clearness index is a dimensionless quantity and can vary from 0 (sky is completely covered) to 1 (perfectly sunny). [3]
The above equation only takes into account the temperature differences and ignores two important parameters, being 1) solar radiative flux; and 2) infrared exchanges from the sky. The concept of T sol-air was thus introduced to enable these parameters to be included within an improved calculation. The following formula results:
A pyranometer (from Greek πῦρ (pyr) 'fire' and ἄνω (ano) 'above, sky') is a type of actinometer used for measuring solar irradiance on a planar surface and it is designed to measure the solar radiation flux density (W/m 2) from the hemisphere above within a wavelength range 0.3 μm to 3 μm.
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NASA graphic representing the distribution of solar radiation. Cloud albedo is a measure of the albedo or reflectivity of a cloud. Clouds regulate the amount of solar radiation absorbed by a planet and its solar surface irradiance. Generally, increased cloud cover correlates to a higher albedo and a lower absorption of solar energy.
In the context of domestic PV installations, the kilowatt (symbol kW) is the most common unit for nominal power, for example P peak = 1 kW. Colloquial English sometimes conflates the quantity power and its unit by using the non-standard label watt-peak (symbol W p), possibly prefixed as in kilowatt-peak (kW p), megawatt-peak (MW p), etc.
By using the solar radiation pressure on the mirrors as solar sails and tilting them in the right direction, the flyer will be capable of altering its speed and direction to keep in position. [ 12 ] Such a group of sunshades would need to occupy an area of about 3.8 million square kilometers if placed at the L1 point [ 12 ] (see other lower ...