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Thiamethoxam is a broad-spectrum, systemic insecticide, which means it is absorbed quickly by plants and transported to all of its parts, including pollen, where it acts to deter insect feeding. [ citation needed ] An insect can absorb it in its stomach after feeding, or through direct contact, including through its tracheal system.
Sulfoxaflor is a systemic insecticide, acts as a neurotoxin to affected insects, and kills through contact or ingestion.. Sulfoxaflor is classified for use against sap-feeding insects as a sulfoximine, which is a sub-group of insecticides that act as nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) competitive modulators.
It is a systemic insecticide that penetrates plant leaves when sprayed on. It is ambimobile , being transported both upwards and downwards through vascular bundles . [ 4 ] In plants, it is hydrolyzed to the enol form by cleavage of the central ethoxycarbonyl group .
Insecticides with systemic activity against sucking pests, which are safe to pollinators, are sought after, [4] [5] [6] particularly in view of the partial bans on neonicotinoids. Revised 2023 guidance by registration authorities describes the bee testing that is required for new insecticides to be approved for commercial use. [7] [8] [9] [10]
Carbofuran is a carbamate insecticide, banned in the US, the EU and Canada but still widely used in South America, Australia and Asia. [6] It is a systemic insecticide, which means that the plant absorbs it through the roots, and from there the plant distributes it throughout its organs where insecticidal concentrations are attained.
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It was the first systemic insecticide. [6] It was used against aphids, thrips, and sawflies in the agriculture sector. Demeton was distributed through the soil or sprayed over crops and was used widely. [7] In 1982, 162,000 lbs of demeton was used for insecticidal purposes. [8]
Nitenpyram is highly selective towards the variation of the nACHr which insects possess, and has seen extensive use in targeted, insecticide applications. Known under the codename TI 304 during field testing starting in 1989, the compound's first documented commercial use was in 1995 under the name "Bestguard" as an agricultural insecticide. [1]