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"A Chronology of African American Military Service From the Colonial Era through the Antebellum Period" via Internet Archive, author unknown "Medal of Honor Recipients: African American World War II" archived U.S. Army Center of Military History web page; Michael Lee Lanning. The African-American Soldier: From Crispus Attucks to Colin Powell ...
An African-American military policeman on a motorcycle in front of the "colored" MP entrance, Columbus, Georgia, in 1942.. A series of policies were formerly issued by the U.S. military which entailed the separation of white and non-white American soldiers, prohibitions on the recruitment of people of color and restrictions of ethnic minorities to supporting roles.
[2] [3] For Truman, Executive Order 9981 was inspired, in part, by an attack on Isaac Woodard who was an American soldier and African American World War II veteran. On February 12, 1946, hours after being honorably discharged from the United States Army, he was attacked while still in uniform by South Carolina police as he was taking a bus home.
A Companion to American Military History (2010) vol 2 pp: 880-898. Burk, James. "Citizenship status and military service: The quest for inclusion by minorities and conscientious objectors." Armed forces & society (1995) 21#4 pp: 503-529. Evans, Rhonda. "A history of the service of ethnic minorities in the US Armed Forces."
Texas A&M University Military History Series:73. ISBN 978-1-60344-132-2. Ford, Nancy Gentile. "'Mindful of the Traditions of His Race': Dual Identity and Foreign-born Soldiers in the First World War American Army." Journal of American Ethnic History 1997 16(2): 35–57. ISSN 0278-5927 Fulltext: in Ebsco; Hickle, K. Walter.
In September 1862, free African-American men were conscripted and impressed into forced labor for constructing defensive fortifications, by the police force of the city of Cincinnati, Ohio; however, they were soon released from their forced labor and a call for African-American volunteers was sent out.
Some troops leave the battlefield injured. Others return from war with mental wounds. Yet many of the 2 million Iraq and Afghanistan veterans suffer from a condition the Defense Department refuses to acknowledge: Moral injury.
World War I draft card. Lower left corner to be removed by men of African ancestry in order to keep the military segregated. Following the U.S. declaration of war against Germany on April 6, the Selective Service Act of 1917 (40 Stat. 76) was passed by the 65th United States Congress on May 18, 1917, creating the Selective Service System. [10]